BIOGENESIS AND ASSEMBLY OF THE YEAST RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN RNASE MRP The goal of our research is to characterize the mechanism of import of RNA into the mitochondrial compartment and the machinery involved in this process. Secondly, we would like to understand how a ribonucleoprotein assembles and functions and the role of both the RNA and protein components in these processes. RNase MRP is a ribonucleoprotein endoribonuclease that has at least two roles in cellular RNA processing, one in the mitochondrial compartment and a second in the nucleolus. Current experiments include identification and cloning of the protein components of RNase MRP and defining the role of these components in the assembly, transport and function of the enzyme in a cell. The model is that this RNA migrates to the cytoplasm for assembly with protein, as is the case with most other RNPs. Ultimately, this activity must be imported back into the nucleus to cleave rRNA and into the mitochondria to cleave mitochondrial RNA. SELECTED REFERENCES Schmitt, M. E. and Clayton, D. A. (1992) Yeast site-specific ribonucleoprotein endoribonuclease MRP contains an RNA component homologous to mammalian RNase MRP RNA and essential for cell viability.

This is the Home Page for the (The former) MELAS Online Network.  Our goal since July, 1989 has been to provide support and information to families and individuals dealing with the MELAS Syndrome and other mitochondrial myopathies.  Thank you for visiting with us!  It is my hope that you will find help here.  Individuals with mitochondrial myopathies and their families, physicians, scientists, researchers, family, and friends are all welcome to visit here.  "The MELAS Primer" is a downloadable publication that helps to explain the MELAS Syndrome, a mitochondrial myopathy, in layman's terms.

Family history: no consanguinity; elder brother Louis, d.o.b. 13th June 1968, died 2d January 1990 at age 21, apparently from the same disease. His brain was autopsied, and result was stated to be non-specific astrocytosis in cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus and spinal cord. In 1990 he had skoliosis and a stooped posture with hypertonicity of the legs with mild scissor gait. The pediatric neurologists' report from the visit in January 13 1995 describes him as: "On examination Zachary is holding his left arm flexed and is not using it as much as his right. Extensive investigations which were normal included: organic acids, amino acids and oligosaccharides in urine, lactic acid in CSF and blood, exclusion of MLD, Krabbe, and deficiencies of B-galactosidase- fucosidase-, B -mannosidase, a- fucosidase, and peroxisomal B- oxidation defect . Otherwise, there is a discrepancy between the (sub)cortical atrophy that involves the whole of the neocortex, whereas evident demyelination is periventricular, with subcortical involvement being restricted to paramedian gyri.

Alexopoulos's research work has been guided by the hypothesis that geriatric depression is a heterogeneous entity that includes patients in whom aging-related processes and neurologicla brain diseases modify the course of illness and the effects of treatment. Alexopoulos and his colleagues observed that late-onset depressives have higher prevalence of dementia than early-onset depressives of similar age. Alexopoulos and his coworkers observe that elderly depresives with a reversible dementia syndrome ("pseudodementia") had a high rate of irreversible dementia on follow-up (42% in 2-3 years); subjects with "pseudodementia" also had late onset depression and elevated platelet monoamine oxidase activity with values similar to those of Alzheimer's patients. In elderly depressives with cognitive dysfunction, Drs. Young, Alexopoulos and others observed absence of a relationship between nortriptyline plasma concentration and efficacy although they noted a significant such relationship in cognitively unimpaired elderly depressives. These efforts result in : 1) the development and validation of rating instruments (Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia); 2) the introduction of longitudinal study instruments to geriatric investigations; 3) the expansion of their studies to include not only recovery, relapse and recurrence but also development of medical morbidity, cognitive dysfunction/dementia and disability; and 4) the use of mathematical modeling methods appropriate to the course of illness. Alexopoulos and his coworkers identified and defined distinct stages of geriatric depression, e.g., period from onset to recovery, period preceding recovery, or period preceding relapse, etc.

Brian L. Davis, Ph.D. Mark D. Grabiner, Ph.D. Helen E. Kambic, M.S. James Sferra, M.D. Brief Description: Exercise in microgravity is one of the most promising countermeasures to the dual problems of spaceflight-induced bone loss and muscle atrophy. The overall goals of this study are (1) to demonstrate that jumping exercises may be more effective and efficient than current exercises performed in zero-gravity with respect to maintaining bone density and muscle strength; (2) to validate the zero-gravity simulator as an appropriate substitute for true gravity experiments during development of an optimum exercise regime; and (3) to quantify relationships between external loading profiles and internal bone strains. Foot problems are the most common reason for hospitalization among persons with diabetes, therefore it is appropriate to focus research efforts on the foot. While most people are quick to report orthopaedic problems because of pain, this warning sign is often absent in patients with diabetes because of concomitant neuropathy. In particular, little is known about the changes in bone quality which predispose diabetic patients to such pathologies as Charcot foot, in which total collapse of the foot can occur quickly. The rationale behind the present work is that (i) appropriate engineering techniques will distinguish effects of normal aging and diabetes on bone quality, and (ii) correlations between research results and clinical measurements will allow clinicians to assess the condition of foot bones before a fracture occurs so that preventive measures can be taken.

To promote research for cures and treatments of mitochondrial diseases and to provide support to affected families. The following is the current listing of named mitochondrial disorders represented by UMDF: Alpers Disease (Progressive Infantile Poliodystrophy); Barth syndrome (Cardiomyopathy-Neutropenia Syndrome) / Lethal Infantile Cardiomyopathy (LIC); Beta-oxidation Defects; Carnitine Deficiency and Disorders; Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia Syndrome (CPEO); Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS); Lactic Acidosis; Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON); Leigh's Disease (Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy); Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrongenase (LCAD) Deficiency; Luft Disease; Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrongenase (MCAD) Deficiency; Mitochondrial Cytopathy; Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy Lactic Acidosis and Strokelike Episodes (MELAS); Mitochondrial Encephalopathy; Mitochondrial Myopathy; Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (MAD) Deficiency / Glutaric Aciduria Type II; Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fiber Disease (MERRF); Myoneurogastointestinal Disorder and Encephalopathy (MNGIE); Neuropathy Ataxia and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP); Pearson Syndrome; Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (PHD); Short-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (SCAD) Deficiency RESPIRATORY CHAIN DISORDERS: Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase (NADH-CoQ reductase) deficiency, Complex II: Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency, Complex III: Ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase deficiency, Complex IV: Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency, Complex V: ATP synthase deficiency This web site is sponsored by UCSD Biochemical Genetics. The United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation is not responsible for the information contained at this web site. None of the information contained herein is meant to be a substitute for professional medical attention or advice. For comments or suggestions on this page contact Mark Fleming.

Anthony Brooks, visiting scientist Lucia Cavelier, graduate student Inger Eriksson, technician (part-time) Ulf Gyllensten, professor Mathias Howell, fullbright student Elena Jazin, scientist Eva Lindholm, graduate student Some of them are caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA and others might be caused by mutations in the nuclear DNA, that codes for most of the mitochondrial structural and regulatory proteins. Several characteristics are typical for mitochondrial diseases: An impairment of the oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria that affects primarily tissues with the greatest energy requirement such as brain, skeletal and heart muscle, inner ear, retina and in the insulin producing Langerhans cells; the diseases have late onset and a progression with age; there is a predominant maternal inheritance, some of the clinical manifestations of such diseases include movement disorders, myalgia and muscle weakness, diabetes, blindness, deafness, cardiac failure, psychiatric problems and dementia. We are examining the role somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in in patients with symptoms of classical mitochondrial disease but lacking any previously reported mtDNA mutation, and in patients with several neurological disorders. Jazin, EE Cavelier, L Eriksson, I Oreland, L and Gyllensten, U 1996 Mitochondrial DNA sequence heteroplasmy and mutation load in human brain. PNAS (in press, presented in 1996 by Rolf Luft) Lindholm, E Cavelier, L Howell, M Blackwood, DHR Muir, W Brooks, A Gyllensten, U and Jazin, EE 1996 Mitochondrial DNA sequence variants in patients with Schizophrenia.

One part of the program is focused on traumatic edema in spinal cord compression injury; its pathophysiology, spread, consequences and therapy. A second line of research concerns axonal changes in relation to the degree of compression trauma. We use a model with compression trauma of rat spinal cord. Farooque M., Olsson Y., and Holtz A. (1994) Effect of the 21-aminosteroid U74006F and methylprednisolone on motor function recovery and oedema after spinal cord compression in rats. Li G L, Farooque M, Holtz A, Olsson Y (1996) Expression of GAP43 immunoreactivity in axons following compression trauma to rat spinal cord. Ahlgren S, Li G L, Olsson Y (1996) Accumulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin in axons after trauma to the human spinal cord.

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a vasodilator with known protective effects against cyanide toxicity. To determine whether CPZ acts as an EC-dependent or EC-independent vasodilator, rings denuded of ECs were tested against intact rings. To test the effect of CPZ on endogenous NO generation from ECs, rings were pretreated with CPZ before U46619 contraction. After the contraction stabilized, endogenous NO generation was assessed by observing the degree of acetylcholine (ACh, an EC-dependent vasorelaxor) - induced vasorelaxation (measured as a percentage decrease from maximal contraction force). Results: In rings denuded of ECs, CPZ exhibited a significantly enhanced vasorelaxation (93.9 +/- 2.6 vs 54.7 +/- 2.8% with ECs, p < 0.001). Pretreatment with CPZ attenuated the ACh-induced vasorelaxation (46.8 +/- 4.2% vs 87.6 +/- 4.1%, p < 0.001).

DESCRIPTION Pemoline is a central nervous system stimulant. Pemoline is structurally dissimilar to the amphetamines and methylphenidate. Metabolites of pemoline include pemoline conjugate, pemoline dione, mandelic acid, and unidentified polar compounds. Nonteratogenic Effects: Studies in rats have shown an increased incidence of stillbirths and cannibalization when pemoline was administered at a dose of 37.5 mg/kg/day. Central Nervous System: The following CNS effects have been reported with the use of Pemoline: convulsive seizures; literature reports indicate that Pemoline may precipitate attacks of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome; hallucinations; dyskinetic movements of the tongue, lips, face and extremities; abnormal oculomotor function including nystagmus and oculogyric crisis; mild depression; dizziness; increased irritability; headache; and drowsiness. However, the pharmacologic similarity of pemoline to other psychostimulants with known dependence liability suggests that psychological and/or physical dependence might also occur with Pemoline.

Gregory McCarthy is Associate Professor in the Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) and Neurology, and Associate Chief of the Neuropsychology Laboratory at the VA Medical Center. McCarthy came to Yale in 1980 as a post-doctoral fellow following completion of his Ph.D. in Biological Psychology at the University of lllinois (Champaign-Urbana). McCarthy has studied as a visiting scientist at the Institute of Neurology at the National Hospital, Queens Square, London, and at the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan. Dr McCarthy and his colleagues at the Neuropsychology Laboratory are internationally recognized for their studies of the functional neuroanatomy of the human brain using neurophysiological and neuroimaging methods. McCarthy and colleagues were also instrumental in developing quantitative methods in MRI now used routinely to identify atrophy in the mesial temporal lobe in presurgical assessment for epilepsy surgery. McCarthy and the Neuropsychology Lab have played an important role in the development of functional MR imaging and are now combining neurophysiological and neuroimaging methods to obtain a spatio-temporal description of functional brain activation associated with human sensation, perception and memory.

Cortical Blindness: is caused by brain damage which may occur before, during or after birth or as a result of injury or disease. Eyes often look normal but visual messages to the brain are not properly interpreted or acted upon. The person may have other significant physical and/or learning difficulties. Optic atrophy and refractive errors may also be present. Strategies to help this condition include effective positioning, cutting down number of objects to reduce confusion; using colour and texture to aid visual recognition eg good illumination and high contrast material, Last Changed - 17/06/96

Introduction: A popular hypothesis to explain the development of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and subsequent Multiple Organ Dysfunction, involves PMN adherence and subsequent destruction of endothelial cells of the microcirculation. endothelial cell (EC) activation on the adherence and subsequent killing of ECs by PMNs, in order to determine which cell should be the focus for therapeutic efforts such as antibody blockade of adhesion molecules. Materials and Methods: PMNs were isolated from 11 healthy volunteers, 12 pre-operative patients and 16 patients from the ICU with SIRS (SCCM/ACCP criteria). PMNs were primed with LPS 100 ng/ml (E. Coli 0111:84) for 40 minutes at 37C for the adherence assay, or stimulated with FMLP 100 ng/ml for the EC killing assay. Results: PMN Endothelial Adherence (%) Control Pre-op SIRS p value PMN- EC- 4.3±1.4 5.4±2.4 8.8±3.2 EC-vs EC+ EC+ 34.0±6.2 38.5±10.5 44.4±8.5 <0.001 PMN+ EC-6.9±2.1 7.0±2.4 8.9±3.8 EC- vs EC+ EC+ 42.1±7.8 49.8±7.3 43.4±7.5 <0.001 Control and pre-op PMN priming with LPS produced a modest increase in adherence, whereas PMNs from SIRS did not respond to LPS. Similar to the adherence data, EC cytotoxicity was significantly increased in all groups after EC stimulation (p< 0.01, ANOVA) but not after PMN stimulation.

Associated Services for the Blind is located in historic center city Philadelphia. If you or someone you know or care about is losing significant vision, get in touch with us for advice and assistance. Click here to learn about Volunteer Opportunities at A S B Computer Courses at the Gateway Technology Center Radio Information center R I C B. Local Newspapers, Best Sellers, Too! National Library Service for Blind/Physically Handicapped Einet Galaxy: Opthalmology Yahoo Health Page Contact Center NetworkNon-Profits Around the World Database Evan Kemp Associates Comprehensive Information Resource on Disabilities International Monovision Association A new homepage serving people who have lost vision in one eye. Macmillan Publishing USA Information SuperLibrary (tm) Powerful Search Tool from Infoseek WHYY--the best in public broadcasting Serving Philadelphia, South Jersey and Delaware. We will add links to other home pages that contain information and files for blind and seeing impaired computer users as we learn of them.

Comparing Clozaril and Risperdal for refractory schizophrenia in a patient who is also on Dilantin What is the correct starting dose of methylphenidate (Ritalin) for an adult? Comparing Clozaril and Risperdal for refractory schizophrenia in a patient who is also on Dilantin by Frank L.Tornatore, PharmD, Editor Q: My daughter has been on 600 mg of Clozaril for about 18 months (for schizophrenia). A.When clozapine (Clozaril) was first introduced, clinical studies supported the notion that this drug was effective in 30 to 40 percent of the refractory patients (patients that were unresponsive to traditional neuroleptics). In a six week multicenter trial of 126 refractory patients, 38 responded (30 percent), while only 5 patients (4 percent) in the chlorpromazine (Thorazine) group responded. At 600 to 900 mg/day, the incidence of seizures rises to as much as 5 percent The comparison medication, risperidone (Risperdal), is another atypical neuroleptic.

WELCOME TO IRSA The mission of the IRSA is to support and encourage medical reseach to determine the cause and find a cure for Rett syndrome, to increase public awareness of Rett syndrome, and to provide informational and emotional support to families of children with Rett syndrome. What is Rett The cause of Rett syndrome is not known. As the syndrome has been found predominantly in females, the X chromosome may play a role. RettNet Archive An ongoing discussion for Doctors, Researchers and parents of Rett Syndrome girls. Happenings What's Happening at IRSA Publications Take advantage of the complete IRSA library of printed and recorded media, the Annual Report, the Allman Brothers CD, videos and much more. Research Contacts A list of Doctors and research personnel involved with the search for a cure of Rett syndrome.

"There is an enormous amount of literature on vitamin C intake and health in animals, cell cultures, and humans. Beyond its function in collagen formation, ascorbic acid is known to increase absorption of inorganic iron, to have essential roles in the metabolism of folic acid and of some amino acids and hormones, and to act as an antioxidant. In recent years, research has increasingly focused on this latter function, stimulated by suggestions that "oxidative stress" may be a causal factor in the etiology of such diverse and important disorders of aging as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and cataract formation. The present evidence is strong enough to have convinced nutritionists that daily vitamin C intake should be many times higher than the amount needed to protect against scurvy, and this is reflected in the present Recommended Dietary Allowances. "Only in recent years has it been appreciated that ascorbic acid has important functions in many cellular reactions and processes in addition to its role in collagen synthesis. Vitamin C as an antioxidant Iron, Vitamin C and mutations Nutritional requirements of the aged Effects of vitamin C on immune functions Smoking and vitamin C Vitamin C and cancer General unclassified references

Vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, is powerful water-soluble antioxidant that is vital for the growth and maintenance of all body tissues. Humans, along with apes and guinea pigs, are the only species on the planet incapable of synthesizing vitamin C, and must therefore have access to sufficient amounts from adequate dietary sources or supplements in order to maintain optimal health. It has been estimated that if the epidemiology study is correct and everyone took just several hundred milligrams of vitamin C a day, it would save 100,000 lives and $100 billion a year in health care costs in the U.S. The recommended daily intake for vitamin c is 60 milligrams, but most health care professionals recognize that this tiny amount is barely enough to prevent the onset of scurvy, let alone confer any of the many well documented benefits of this amazing nutrient. While the study also demonstrated that it was possible to increase levels of ascorbic acid in the skin via dietary means, that increase did not result in tumor inhibition in this study Only topically applied vitamin C (both the watersoluble and, especially, the fat-soluble forms) resulted in enhanced protection. ) Mice that had high dietary intakes of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) light had fewer malignant skin lesions than those with lower levels of vitamin C. In a 20-week study, those mice receiving the lowest levels of dietary ascorbate developed serious malignant lesions at five times the rate of those mice fed the highest amounts of supplemental ascorbate. ) While generally nontoxic, even in very large amounts, consuming vitamin C in large doses can lead to oxalic acid and uric acid stone formation unless consumed with plenty of water and supplemented with extra magnesium and vitamin B6.

Biopterin Metabolic Defects site maintained by Dr. Pearson Syndrome international survey, maintained by Dr. Support Groups and Patient Information Rare Genetic Diseases in Children: A resource directory which is very valuable for physicians and families alike Inborn errors listserver homepage: Managed by S.Eaton, London Institute of Child Health, this is a discussion group which includes both families and professionals involved with inborn errors. Association for Glycogen Storage Disease, United Kingdom NORD: National Organization for Rare Disorders FOD Network On-Line: The Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorder Network, a resource for support, education and communication regarding fatty oxidation disorders. Research Sites Metab-L, a mailing list and informational resource for professionals and others interested in biochemical genetics, maintained by Dr. National Library of Medicine : Services and links from the NLM. Selkov Metabolic Pathways : Exhaustive list (>1000 entries) of enzyme reactions for many phyla, arranged by pathway, substrate and reaction type.

This is a small and incomplete list of pages related to specific genetic and inherited diseases Support groups for families of those affected are included where they are known. Notice to members of the public searching for information on inherited diseases: The HGMP-RC provides a service to researchers working on the Human Genome Project, but we are not the most appropriate people to ask about specific genetic diseases. We advise you to find a national support group for the disease and contact them. They will be in touch with people who are directly working on the causes and cures of this disease and will usually have a regular newsletter that you can subscribe to. Your family medical practitioner or your local public library would be a good place to start in contacting the support groups. You should also search the OMIM and GDB databases.

  Background: Myocardial function is regulated by endocardial endothelium (EE). Because vascular endothelium and EE form a contiguous layer, it was postulated that EE might also be involved in regulating the inotropic effects of anesthetics. The effects of thiopental on isolated feline papillary muscle with and without EE were examined. In the first protocol, the effects of thiopental were studied in the muscles with an intact EE (group A, n = 8) and muscles in which the EE was selectively damaged by a 1-s immersion in 0.5% Triton X-100 (group B, n = 8). In the third protocol, the same cumulative concentration responses were obtained for thiopental in muscles with (group E, n = 8) and without (group F, n = 8) EE after pretreatment with 5 × 10-4 M L-arginine. Pretreatment of the muscles with L-NAME inhibited the negative inotropic effects of low doses of thiopental and mimicked the response obtained after EE was removed.

Several studies of antidepressant and anticonvulsant medications have demonstrated efficacy in reducing the painful symptoms associated with diabetic polyneuropathy, but no single agent successfully relieves discomfort in most patients. This study is designed to assess the efficacy of gabapentin in patients with painful diabetic polyneuropathy. To participate, patients must fulfill the following criteria: Man or nonpregnant woman Between the ages of 18-85 Painful neuropathy due to diabetes for a duration of at least three months Stable glycemic control and pain of at least moderate severity that interferes with daily activities or sleep and attributed to a peripheral neuropathy Patients will be excluded, if they fulfill any of the following criteria: Patients with other painful neuropathies (inherited, alcoholism, B-12 or thyroid deficiency, HIV, uremia, amyloidosis, toxin or medication exposure known to cause painful neuropathies) Patients with other painful conditions (arthritis, peripheral vascular disease, chronic pain syndromes, cancer) Cognitive or language impairment, or any psychiatric disorder for which the patient received treatment in the prior six months The patient must discontinue all other chronic pain medications for at least three weeks before baseline evaluation, but may continue tylenol #3 or other anti-inflammatory medications. This study is a 12-week study, with two six-week treatment periods, using a double-blind, plcebo controlled, crossover design. Thus, all enrolled patients will be given the study drug. The study outcome measures are the visual analog scale (VAS) of pain intensity, VAS of pain relief, verbal rating scale of global assessment of pain, Wall-Melzak pain questionaire, and quality of life questionaire, to be completed at baseline and after each treatment period.

OBJECTIVE -- The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effects of 12 weeks of treatment with either troglitazone, an investigational thiazolidinedione that acts as an insulin-action enhancer, or placebo in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -- A total of 51 subjects with IGT between 24 and 77 years of age were enrolled in this multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study (troglitazone, 25 patients; placebo, 26 patients). Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 400 mg troglitazone (every morning [QAM]) or placebo (QAM). CONCLUSIONS -- The glycemic response after a glucose load is statistically and clinically significantly improved for patients with IGT treated with troglitazone. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a condition that affects 11% of the U.S. population and is considered to confer significant morbidity, as many IGT patients risk subsequent development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and other cardiovascular impairment (1). Insulin resistance often accompanies IGT, with some studies suggesting that those patients with both IGT and insulin resistance are at highest risk for cardiovascular complications (2).

SUDDEN INABILITY OF GLUT-2 TO RESPOND TO HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE In people without diabetes, glucose is successfully broken down, and a defect in the glucose transporter Glut-2 is notfound. When these people take in foods containing glucose, the Glut-2 transporter of their beta cells responds to glucose and allows the cell to secrete insulin to break down the glucose. Diabetic patients' beta cells are not this successful in breaking down glucose and keeping blood glucose levels stable. It is believed that in order for the body to respond to such high levels of glucose there must be a glucose specific transporter with a high km (affinity) for glucose located in the beta cells. So, a defect in the Glut-2 transporter would render the beta cell incapable of handling high concentrations of glucose, and blood glucose concentration would increase. Then the cells were saturated with glucose, and as predicted, the islets without much Glut-2 mRNA were unable to respond to glucose concentrations of Glut-2 would render beta cells incapable of sensing and responding to increments of blood glucose in excess of 5mM" (Unger, 1991).

Back to previous level Carotid Artery Diseases Harvard U.:Painful Horner's syndrome secondary to internal carotid artery dissection NLM:Screening for Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Cerebral Aneurysm Emergency Med. BBS:Third cranial nerve palsy caused by an aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery Harvard U.:Computerized Tomographic Angiography (CTA) Assists in the Evaluation of Patients with Intracranial Aneurysms Harvard U.:Current management of aneurysm patients in poor neurologic condition: Some patients can recover Harvard U.:Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms Harvard U.:Giant Intracranial Aneurysms: Current Strategies of Mangement Harvard U.:Temporary Intracranial Vessel Occlusion in Aneurysm Surgery is Safe and Effective NYU. Ctr.:Surgical Clipping of an Aneurysm of the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery U. of Utah Webpath:Circle of Willis with multiple berry aneurysms, gross Cerebral Anoxia Cerebral Arteriosclerosis Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Harvard U.:Arteriovenous malformation MRA, mpeg movie Harvard U.:Arteriovenous malformation, imaging study Harvard U.:Combined Modality Treatment in the Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) Harvard U.:Symptomatic Vasogenic Edema in Arteriovenous Malformations provides Clues regarding AVM Pathogenesis NYU. of Wisconsin:Intra-ventricular hemorrhage Thomas Jefferson U.:Cerebral Hemorrhage/Hematoma U. of Utah Webpath:Intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured vascular malformation, gross U. of Utah Webpath:Intracerebral hemorrhage with overdose of cocaine, gross Vanderbilt U.:Cerebellar hemorrhage Cerebral Infarction Bowman Gray:Septic Infarct/Cerebral Abscess Emergency Med. Guide NLM:AHCPR Clinical Practice Guide: Post-Stroke Rehabilitation NLM:AHCPR Quick Reference: Post-Stroke Rehabilitation, Assessment, Referral, and Patient Management Oregon Health Sciences U.:Stroke and Myocardial Infaction in Young Patients Thomas Jefferson U.:Cerebral Infarction U. of Iowa:Cerebral Angitis Associated with Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus U. of Utah Webpath:Cerebrum, coronal section, acute cerebral infarct, gross U. of Utah Webpath:Cerebrum, coronal section, hemorrhagic infarct, from arterial embolus, gross U. of Utah Webpath:Cerebrum, coronal section, subacute to remote infarct, gross U. of Utah Webpath:Liquefactive necrosis, cerebral infarction, gross U. of Utah Webpath:Liquefactive necrosis, cerebral infarction, microscopic Cerebral Ischemia American Col. of Physicians:Low-molecular-weight heparin was effective in reducing poor outcome at 6 months in ischemic stroke American Col.

Mechanism of E. coli transcription termination factor rho and its role in gene expression Rho releases newly synthesized RNA from transcription complexes by a mechanism that requires ATP hydrolysis. Rho is an RNA-dependent ATPase, capable of its enzymatic activity only when bound to RNA (in vivo, the RNA it is about to release). A possible explanation for this phenotype is that a rho-dependent terminator precedes a ribonuclease gene, and in the rho mutant cells, weaker rho activity leads to ribonuclease overproduction and, consequently, shorter RNA lifetimes. In vitro characterization of transcription termination factor rho from Escherichia coli rho(nusD) mutants. Stitt, B.L. and Kempner, E.S. (1996) Structure-function relationships in Escherichia coli transcription termination protein Rho revealed by radiation target analysis.

Each islet consists of alpha cells which secrete glucagon and beta cells which secrete insulin. Glucagon and insulin are antagonistic hormones that are responsible for maintaining glucose homeostasis in the body. Campbell, 909 When blood glucose levels are low, glucagon is produced, which raises blood glucose levels by increasing glycogen hydrolysis in the liver. When blood glucose levels are high, insulin is produced, which lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating cells to take up glucose from the blood and slowing the glycogen breakdown in the liver. The delicate glucose balance is maintained by negative feedback; low blood glucose levels stops the release of insulin, and high blood glucose levels stops the release of glucagon. Campbell, 924      When there are defects in the processes of glucose homeostasis, the consequences are serious since glucose is a major fuel for cellular respiration.

Relation Gene Product Subunits include ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase, endosperm -- 60kDa subunit Subunits include ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase, endosperm -- 55 kDa subunit putative identity ? Localization: Cytosol Metabolic Pathway: starch synthesis Metabolic Constituents: ATP ADP-glucose glucose-1-phosphate pyrophosphate Contents Reference enzyme activity levels Doehlert, DC et al. J Am Soc Hort Sci 118:661-666 function Smith, AM; Denyer, K; Martin, CR. Plant Physiol 107:673-677 function Morell, MK; Rahman, S; Abrahams, SL; Appels, R. 1995.

Anxiety Disorder Afflicts One In Four Stroke Patients As many as one in four stroke survivors may have an anxiety illness that is often not diagnosed by their physician or if recognized, treated with the wrong drugs, according to a Swedish study. " Heart Disease and Stroke Deaths Rising, Heart and Stroke Facts Reports The number of total deaths from all cardiovascular diseases rose in the United States in 1993 although the death rates have fallen steadily since 1980. Stroke (Brain Attack) Stroke is a cardiovascular disease that affects the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. Study Finds Higher Incidence of Sleep Apnea Among Stroke Patients There's new evidence suggesting that individuals with obstructive sleep apnea, a disorder marked by heavy snoring and disrupted breathing during sleep due to recurring airway closure, may be at increased risk of stroke. Anxiety Disorder Afflicts One In Four Stroke Patients Dramatic Results Reported For Stroke Research Heart Disease and Stroke Deaths Rising, Heart and Stroke Facts Reports Migraine and Stroke Risk Factors for Stroke Stroke (Brain Attack) Stroke (Brain Attack) Symptoms/Warning Signs Stroke Fact Sheet Stroke: Are You at High Risk? Study Finds Higher Incidence of Sleep Apnea Among Stroke Patients Types of Stroke What is Stroke

Aneurysm/AVM Center Appointments or referrals may be made by: calling (617) 726-3303 Facsimile telecopier (617) 726-7501 email: buckley@helix.mgh.harvard.edu Proper Treatment Introduction Optimal Care Providing Optimal Treatment A Pioneer in Neurocritical Care Brightening the Future of Therapy The Best Care for Your Patients The Massachusetts General Hospital Hospital Brain Aneurysm / AVM Center provides the highest level of care for patients with aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) as well as other neurovascular problems of the brain and spinal cord. Our highly experienced staff includes physicians specializing in neurosurgery, neurology and interventional neuroradiology; nurses, therapists and social workers. Utilizing advanced neurologic technology, this multidisciplinary team works together to prevent or minimize the neurologic impact of an aneurysm or AVM and maximize the patient's recovery. Subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAHs) require immediate action, To effect that action, the Center operates a physician staffed, 24 hour, toll free SAH Hotline to dispatch urgent calls regarding SAH problems. At the Aneurysm/AVM Center, recent advances in MRI, CTA, and angiography allow more precise anatomic localization of the aneurysm or AVM and greatly aid treatment planning.

Hemianopia: is blindness in one half of the visual field in one or both eyes. It can effect left, right, upper or lower fields of vision. It results from some form of brain damage, eg damage to the right visual cortex will result in loss of the left visual field for both eyes (see Cortical Blindness).

disorders of oculomotor functions in lesions of the optic pathway at the parieto-occipital level and their significance in topical diagnosis paresis of ocular movements to the hemianopic side is described in 9 patients with acute vascular lesions in the parieto-occipital region. in 7 cases the paresis was of the dissociated type with inability to follow the moving finger, while ocular movement in a verbally stated direction was quite normal. in the remaining 2 patients in whom the oedema extended into the frontal region there was complete paresis of all conjugate movements. conjugate paresis receded hand-in-hand with the parietal symptomatology even if the hemianopia persisted. the oculomotor disorders referred to have never been observed in lesions which did not extend beyond the occipital region. conjugate paresis has in all cases drawn attention to the presence of hemianopia unobserved by the patients and this has led to a more accurate topical diagnosis.

Steroids are drugs derived from hormones. Anabolic steroids comprise one group of these hormonal drugs. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of selected anabolic steroids for treating specific types of anemia, some breast cancers, osteoporosis, endometriosus, and hereditary angioedema, a rare disease involving swelling of some parts of the body. Anabolic steroids - or more precisely, anabolic/androgenic steroids - belong to a group known as ergogenic, or so-called "performance-enhancing," drugs. Sports Organizations Outlawing Anabolic Steroids The International Olympics Committee banned steroids use by all athletes in its member associations in 1975. During the 1970's demand grew as athletes in other sports sought the competitive edge that anabolic steroids seemed to provide.

In the first part of the proximal tubule, reabsorption of Na+ occurs with glucose, amino acids, lactate, and bicarbonate, while in the more distant parts of the tubule, sodium is primarily reabsorbed with chloride. Absorption is driven by the baso-lateral Na+/K+ ATP-ase common to all tubular cells. 3 ions of sodium are transported out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions transported into the cell. This is accomplished via protein complexes in the luminal membrane which form specialized channels for the highly specific exchange and movement of substances, as described below. Sodium may be absorbed via secondary active transport WITH other solutes (via SYNPORTERS, i.e. sodium-glucose, sodium-phosphate, sodium-citrate, and several different sodium-amino acid transporters) or coupled to the export of intracellular contents (via ANTIPORTERS, i.e. sodium-proton exchange). Cotransport with sodium essentially eliminates glucose, phosphate, amino acids, and other solutes from tubular fluid.

Simone Protective Pharmaceuticals is the first health entity to recognize that each person has different physiological needs based on lifestyle. Its founder, Charles B. Simone, M.D., is a Medical Oncologist (trained at the National Cancer Institute 1977-1982), Tumor Immunologist (NCI 1977-1982), and Radiation Oncologist (University of Pennsylvania 1982-1985) with expertise in cancer prevention and detection. Simone is the author of Cancer and Nutrition (1982 McGraw-Hill, 1992 revised, Avery), Breast Health (1995 Avery), Shark Cartilage and Cancer (1995 Paradigm Press), Prostate Health (in press), and A Healthy Start (in press). Its objectives: a) Help establish a multifunctional facility, the Simone Cancer Center, dedicated to comprehensive patient care working toward the elimination of cancer and heart disease through Prevention, Detection, and Treatment; b) Share medically advanced products and combination supplements designed for optimum health; c) Share the Simone Ten Point Plan to advance optimum health. Has no calcium - fiber food binds calcium and renders it useless. Some of these, like vitamins C and D contained in ONCCOR®, should be taken with food; while others contained in CALCOR®, like silicon, potassium bicarbonate, boron, threonine, magnesium, and lysine, should be taken with calcium at bedtime or on an empty stomach.

The amino acids occurring in proteins are alanine (ala), arginine (arg), asparagine (asn), aspartic acid (asp), cysteine (cys), glutamic acid (glu), glutamine (gln), glycine (gly), histidine (his), isoleucine (ile), leucine (leu), lysine (lys), methionine (met), phenylalanine (phe), proline (pro), serine (ser), threonine (thr), tryptophan (trp), tyrosine (tyr), and valine (val). When a cell divides, the DNA is duplicated so that each of the resulting cells gets a copy of the original parent DNA. This replication is initiated, controlled, and stopped by means of polymerase enzymes such as DNA ligase which joins strands of DNA together. Complementary DNA (cDNA) is a form of man-made DNA. In a reversal of the normal sequence of DNA being transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), purified mRNA for a specific gene is used as a template to produce DNA. Satellite DNA is DNA in plant and animal cells that consists of repeating sequences of nucleotides.

http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/files/STURGE-W.HTM http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/files/LINEARNE.HTM http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/files/RASMUSSE.HTM Run this search on Excite.

Target Patients: Pregnant women from 24-34 weeks gestation at risk of preterm delivery without preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM). Main Intervention Considered: Intramuscular administration of betamethasone or dexamethasone Main Outcomes Considered: Neonatal mortality, incidence and severity of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), infectious complications. Evidence: Many randomized controlled trials (RCT's) confirm clinically and statistically significant reductions in mortality, RDS, IVH, and other benefits. Expected Benefits: Absolute Neonatal mortality reduction of 4% (mortality reduced 35 % from 11.3 % to 7.3%) Number need to treat (NNT - to prevent 1 death): 25 Absolute reduction in incidence of RDS - 12% (RDS reduced 42 % from 21.6 % to 12.5%) NNT: 8 Absolute reduction in incidence of IVH - 2% (IVH reduced 53 % from 3.8 % to 1.8 %) NNT: 50 The severity of RDS is reduced in infants treated between 24 and 28 weeks gestation, and mortality and IVH are reduced. However, the NIH consensus guideline recommends use of antenatal steroids in women with preterm pre-labor rupture of membranes who have completed fewer than 32 weeks gestation. Revision or replacement can be done earlier if evidence comes out that the guideline is outdated.

binocularity in anomalous retinal correspondence patients with anomalous retinal correspondence demonstrate complete bitemporal or binasal hemianopia when tested for binocular vision; exotropes have a binasal suppression and esotropes a bitemporal suppression. Note: This page automatically extracted from the original collection files.

This simple cell culture-based cytotoxicity test (in which cell viability is determined by uptake of the dyes ethidium bromide and fluorescein acetate) has been developed as a general test for acute toxicity. R.B. Kemp Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DA UK Tel: England - 0970 623111 Fax: England - 0970 622350 RATIONALE This test is based on the premise that cell death is an unequivocal indication of acute toxicity. Non-viable cells (stained only with EB) may be distinguished from viable cells (stained with EB and with FDA) by the selective use of filters. Rotman & Papermaster (1966) postulated that the influx of FDA was much faster than the extrusion of fluorescein, resulting in its accumulation in cells with intact membranes - healthy cells. Fluorescein liberation only allows the number of viable cells to be determined but of course does not provide an indication of non-viable cells because they cannot be seen under ultra-violet light. Since cells in primary culture are likely to differ from those in vivo and obtaining them requires considerable use of animals, consideration should be given to utilizing established cells lines (Freshney, 1987), especially for first-order tests.

Deoxyribonucleic acid testing; exception A. Except as provided in subsection E of this section, before a person who was convicted of a sexual offense as provided in section 13-1403, 13-1404, 13-1405, 13-1406, 13-1410, 13-1411, 13-1412 or 13-3608 and who was sentenced to a term of imprisonment is released and within thirty days after the arrival of a person who is accepted under the interstate compact for the supervision of parolees and probationers, the state department of corrections shall secure a blood sample sufficient for deoxyribonucleic acid testing and extraction. A person who is accepted for interstate parole supervision by this state shall pay for the costs of the testing. B. Except as provided in subsection E of this section, before a person who was convicted or adjudicated delinquent of a sexual offense as provided in section 13-1403, 13-1404, 13-1405, 13-1406, 13-1410, 13-1411, 13-1412 or 13-3608 and who was sentenced to a term of incarceration in a county jail detention facility or a county juvenile detention facility is released, the county jail detention facility shall secure a blood sample sufficient for deoxyribonucleic acid testing and extraction. C. Except as provided in subsection E of this section, within fifteen days after a person is convicted or adjudicated delinquent of a sexual offense as provided in section 13-1403, 13-1404, 13-1405, 13-1406, 13-1410, 13-1411, 13-1412 or 13-3608 and is sentenced to a term of probation and within thirty days after the arrival of a person who is accepted under the interstate compact for the supervision of parolees and probationers, a county probation department shall secure a blood sample sufficient for deoxyribonucleic acid testing and extraction. D. Except as provided in subsection E of this section, before release of a person who was adjudicated delinquent of a sexual offense as provided in section 13-1403, 13-1404, 13-1405, 13-1406, 13-1410, 13-1411, 13-1412 or 13-3608 and who was committed to a secure care facility, the department of juvenile corrections shall secure a blood sample sufficient for deoxyribonucleic acid testing and extraction. E. A blood sample shall not be secured pursuant to subsection A, B, C or D of this section if the scientific criminal analysis section of the department of public safety has previously made a deoxyribonucleic acid analysis of the person's blood pursuant to this section and maintains a report of the results.

Peripheral vision: perception of objects, motion or colour by any part of the retina, excluding the macula. Photophobia: when light hurts the eyes and the person keeps her eyes away from bright lights. In extreme forms the person performs best in very low light levels. Particularly associated with left hemianopia since it is related to problems in right occipital lobe.

Research is aimed at determining the limitations in auditory analysis that are associated with sensorineural hearing loss, to discover the mechanisms of peripheral processing that are most affected by cochlear pathology, and to develop ways of assessing the effects of cochlear pathology on auditory analysis. Professor Eberhard Zwicker [1] observed that the dynamic range of masking period patterns for amplitude-modulated maskers was larger for frequencies above the masker (in the upper "accessory excitation" where no physical masker energy exists) than for frequencies near the masker (in the "main excitation" where masker energy exists), which implies that temporal resolution of acoustic envelopes is substantially better within the upper accessory excitation than in the main excitation. The present research investigated temporal envelope resolution in normal-hearing subjects by measuring masking at the peaks and valleys of a 500-Hz 100% amplitude-modulated tonal masker as a function of test frequency and stimulus level. Modulation rate was 20 Hz, which resulted in maskers with identical long-term spectra but a relatively flat temporal envelope for the QFM masker and a fluctuating temporal envelope for the SAM masker. At signal frequencies more than an octave above the masker, masked thresholds for the SAM masker were lower than for the QFM masker, revealing “masking release” (QFM-SAM masked threshold differences) exceeding 30 dB in normal-hearing ears. In ears with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, but normal hearing in the region of the masker, masking release was markedly reduced or completely absent in regions of hearing loss.

The boundary between them is the cell membrane. If there is no membrane, there is no distinction between inside and outside, so a cell owes its existence to its membrane. A cell membrane is in contact with both the aqueous environment of its interior (intracellular space) and the aqueous environment of its exterior (extracellular space). At these points of contact, the membrane must be hydrophilic (water loving), yet if the membrane is to prevent free passage of water and dissolved materials between the intra- and extracellular spaces, it must also have a hydrophobic layer. ) Proteins are also embedded in the membrane, anchored there by hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic side chains of certain of their amino acids and the tails of the phospholipids. The similarity to a fatty acid is clear, and it turns out that the precursor of these materials is arachidonic acid, a twenty carbon acid which has four carbon-carbon double bonds in its structure.

of the CAG repeat in transgenic mice expressing the human Analysis of CAG repeat of the Machado-Joseph gene in human, chimpanzee and monkey populations: a variant A candidate gene for mild mental handicap at the FRAXE The papers listed above will appear in the February 1996 issue, Posted by: Richard Gedye (Gedye) Host: PC03112.oup.co.uk date: January 05, 96 14:16:49

17 million Americans are affected by sensorineural hearing damage resulting from heredity, birth, trauma, disease, advanced age, or exposure to noise. A sensorineural hearing loss is damage to the hearing nerve in the inner ear. When there is difficulty in both the middle and inner ear, a mixed hearing loss (conductive and sensorineural) exists. A conductive hearing loss occurs when the hearing nerve functions properly but there is difficulty in the outer or middle ear transmitting system. The most common is fluid in the middle ear. Hearing loss may be a symptom of ear disease.

The configuration of hearing loss has to do with the shape of the audiogram. The falling configuration has most of the hearing loss in the high frequencies. Most types of sensorineural type hearing losses including noise induced hearing loss fall into this category. Flat configurations are often seen with conductive losses, although there are exceptions. A unilateral hearing loss simply refers to a hearing loss where the hearing in one ear is significantly worse than the other. ----> previous slide  next slide menu    OHC home page

Computed tomography appearance of idiopathic aneurysm of the azygos vein [abstract] Computed tomography appearance of idiopathic aneurysm of the azygos vein True idiopathic aneurysm of the azygos vein is a rarely described abnormality. The aneurysm was found incidentally on computed tomography, performed to characterize the appearance of a lung nodule. The aneurysm decompressed when the patient was upright. Key words: azygos vein, venous aneurysm, computed tomography

A recent study indicates that 20 million people in the United States have significant sensorineural hearing loss. Answers to such questions require detailed models of the way that sounds are processed by the nervous system, both for listeners with normal hearing and for those with sensorineural hearing loss. This book contains chapters describing the work of 25 different research groups presented at a recent conference devoted exclusively to modeling sensorineural hearing loss. A great deal of research in recent years has been aimed at obtaining a better physiological description of the altered processes that cause sensorineural hearing loss and a better understanding of transformations that occur in the perception of those sounds that are sufficiently intense that they can still be heard. This research has been based on rigorous mathematical models, computer simulations of mechanical and physiological processes, and signal processing simulations of the altered perceptual experience of listeners with sensorineural hearing loss. This book provides examples of all these approaches to modeling sensorineural hearing loss and a summary of the latest research in the field.

The membrane research group at McMaster University is involved in the preparation, characterization, evaluation and modelling of a wide range of membranes and membrane separation processes. The strength and uniqueness of the group lies in this collaborative, interdisciplinary approach that covers the full range of activities from the design and manufacture of new types of synthetic membranes through their use in a variety of applications to biological membranes and the transport of materials through these membranes. Sci.                                Ion-exchange membranes for use in fuel cells Harald Stöver                      Chemistry                                Development of membranes and porous substrates Francois Winnik                   Chemistry                                Membranes as reaction templates John Lott                              Biology                                    Electron microscopy and membrane characterization Gary Leppard                       Biology                                    Electron microscopy and membrane characterization The specific goals of the current work are to improve the methodology for making this new class of membranes, to examine and optimize the membranes for use in electrodialysis, diffusion dialysis, nanofiltration, membrane solvent extraction and facilitated transport applications. Research in this area is focused on the aspects of structural arrangement, physical properties, and function of biological membranes and model phospholipid membranes. University of Texas at Austin  Membrane Research Group UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology Swedish Foundation for Membrane Technology The Membrane Technology Group  University of Twente Institute of Technical Chemistry  University of Essen The Industrial Membrane Research Institute  University of Ottawa Please direct inquiries by electronic mail to: Mr.

When were anabolic steroids discovered? Until 1935, no one knew that anabolic steroids were associated with the accumulation of muscle tissue. (1,2) Hitler may have given some of his troops anabolic steroids to increase their aggressiveness, although this is not well- documented. (5,6) Among Olympic athletes, anabolic steroids were a problem as long ago as 1964. (7) When it was first noticed as a growing problem, some scientists and public officials stated that there was no evidence that steroids caused muscle growth or improved performance, and that use of large amounts would lead to dramatic, toxic side effects in all users. (10) In a 1988 survey in a suburban Chicago school, 6.5% of male students admitted taking steroids, and 2.5% of female students admitted steroid use.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures which can result in episiodes of motor sensory or psychic malfunction sometimes accompanied by convulsive movements and unconsciousness. Because of the stigma attached to it, patients with epilepsy may also experience rejection from social situations and, in extreme cases, even loss of job and failed relationships. The Epilepsy Institute at MCV Hospitals provides the promise of productive lives to many individuals with epilepsy who may have given up the hope of ever achieving seizure control. Recognized internationally as one of the leading programs for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, the MCV Epilepsy Institute offers a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the nature of episodic or seizure-like symptoms using state-of-the-art monitoring and diagnostic facilities. Maintaining its role as a leader in research, MCV Hospitals is the foremost center in the world for research into status epilepticus, an epileptic condition affecting all ages in which seizures last for hours and which can be fatal. The Epilepsy Institute at MCV Hospitals is committed to educating both professionals and the public about the disorder and offering patients and families the opportunity for a brighter future.

The Low Dielectric Interior of Proteins is Sufficient to Cause Major Structural Changes in DNA on Association. The diffusion of oxaloacetate from one of the active sites of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) to the active sites of citrate synthase (CS) was simulated in the presence and absence of electrostatic forces using a modeled structure for a MDH-CS fusion protein. Structural changes in DNA resulting from protein association were studied by computer simulation. Since in these simulations no direct forces acted between the protein and the DNA, the structural changes observed can result only from changes in the solvent and ionic environment of the DNA. Extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to investigate the intercalative binding of 9-hydroxyellipticine to the DNA oligonucleotide d(ATATATATAT)2. Four independent simulations differing in the initial orientation of the drug at the intercalation site were carried out, and compared both with each other and a control simulation of the free DNA sequence.

Partial sight: there is no statutory definition of partial sight but for registration purposes, and the provision of welfare services the following guidance is given: a) those with visual acuity of: i) 3/60 to 6/60 and a full field of vision; ii) up to 6/24 with moderate contraction of the field, opacities in media, or aphakia; iii) 6/18 or even better if there is a gross field defect eg hemianopia, or there is marked contraction of the field as in pigmentary degeneration, glaucoma, etc.

Table 1: Common aphasia-related deficits Diplopia: double vision Dysarthria: weakness or paralysis of the muscles of the face, mouth, neck and/or throat resulting in difficulties with talking, eating, swallowing and breathing Dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing Hemianopia: partial blindness in either the left or right visual field of both eyes Hemiparesis/Hemiplegia: weakness or paralysis that occurs on one side of the body Please see the National Council's style sheet for citation format suggestions.

Mitochondrial gene mutations and diabetes mellitus [letter; comment] Heterogeneity in the phenotypic expression of the mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu) (UUR) gene generally associated with the MELAS subset of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies: a correlation between neuropathological findings and defects in mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial genome distribution in histochemically cytochrome c oxidase-negative muscle fibres in patients with a mixture of deleted and wild type mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial studies in Kearns-Sayre syndrome: normal respiratory chain function with absence of a mitochondrial translation product. Mitochondrial myopathies: defects in mitochondrial metabolism in human skeletal muscle.

Traditional inheritance views the nucleus as the central repository of genetic information and meiosis as the principal determinant of the segregation of traits in families. However, the existence of another genome, the mitochondrial genome, in all cells introduces another twist of biology leading to nontraditional inheritance. Mitochondria are organelles that provide much of the energy cells use for the work they do. Most biologists now believe that these structures evolved from microorganisms that established symbiotic relationships with the ancestors of animal cells very early in the history of life on this planet. As with any form of DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences are susceptible to mutation In fact, there is evidence that mitochondrial sequences may mutate at rates 3 to 5 times greater than nuclear sequences. This leads to variable phenotypes within and among tissues ranging from non-viable cells (hence death of tissue), to energy generation dysfunction, to subthreshold changes (i.e. "silent" mutations) that do not affect overall cell function.

It is possible that Kearns Sayre Syndrome (KSS) may not be the name that you expected. If you order the full text version of this report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support. Kearns-Sayre Syndrome is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by three primary findings: progressive paralysis of certain eye muscles (chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia [CPEO]); abnormal accumulation of colored (pigmented) material on the nerve-rich membrane lining the eyes (atypical retinitis pigmentosa), leading to chronic inflammation, progressive degeneration, and wearing away of certain eye structures (pigmentary degeneration of the retina); and heart disease (cardiomyopathy) such as heart block. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies are disorders in which a defect in genetic material arises from a part of the cell structure that releases energy (mitochondria), causing the brain and muscles to function improperly (encephalomyopathies). In approximately 80 percent of cases of Kearns-Sayre Syndrome, tests will reveal missing genetic material (deletion) involving the unique DNA in mitochondria (mtDNA). 989 NIH/National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse, One AMS Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-3675

Please check the synonyms listed below to find other names for this specific disorder. The information contained in the Rare Disease Database (RDB) is provided for educational purposes only. If you order the full text version of this report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support. An impairment in the ability to coordinate movements (ataxia), as well as an accumulation of lactic acid in the blood (lactic acidosis) are also be present in affected individuals. To READ organizational information, click on the Name. 1469 Metabolic Information Network (for physicians and researchers only) Calls are taken from Physicians and Researchers only.

To: promed-ahead@usa.healthnet.org Subject: PROMED-AHEAD: Spongiform encephalopathy (11): Mar 22 USDA meeting From: Stephen Morse <morse@rockvax.rockefeller.edu> Date: Sat, 30 Mar 1996 01:34:12 EST Reply-To: owner-promed@usa.healthnet.org Sender: owner-promed-ahead@usa.healthnet.org Date: Fri, 29 Mar 1996 00:16:41 CST6CDT From: "Ken Boschert, DVM" <KEN@WUDCM.WUSTL.EDU> [From: COMPMED list] PRESS RELEASE ON MARCH 22 USDA MEETING ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ========================================================================== Date sent: Wed, 27 Mar 1996 10:38:48 -0700 From: Questa Glenn <qglenn@aphis.usda.gov> Subject: USDA Holds Meeting on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Johna Pierce (202) 720-4623 Kendra Pratt (301) 734-6573 USDA HOLDS MEETING ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY WASHINGTON, March 22, 1996--The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service facilitated a meeting held today to review current U.S. policies and regulations dealing with BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy). BSE does not exist in the United States. USDA's intent in calling together about 70 international, federal, and state animal health representatives, public health officials, industry representatives, and members of the scientific community is to review current policies to ensure that the United States maintains a coordinated, science-based, and effective approach that will keep the U.S. free of BSE. # NOTE: USDA news release and media advisories are available on the Internet. Prev by Date: PROMED: Syphilis (6) Next by Date: PROMED-AHEAD-EDR: Spongiform encephalopathy (10): Info online from CAB Prev by thread: PROMED-AHEAD-EDR: Spongiform encephalopathy (10): Info online from CAB Next by thread: PROMED: Syphilis (6) Index(es): Main Thread

Stark's published papers on head movements in order of year published. There is also a complete list of Professor Stark's bibliography.

Of the two parts of anaerobic metabolism, glycolysis and fermentation, all organisms carry out the former. Glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol of a cell, involves the degradation of glucose to carbon dioxide, water, and pyruvic acid. Thus, the energy of two ATP molecules must be spent in readying a single molecule of glucose to begin releasing the much greater amount of energy locked in its molecular structure. Where oxygen is available, most organisms have evolved aerobic processes for degrading the pyruvic acid in order to release more of the original glucose molecule's energy. But where no oxygen is available, each pyruvic acid molecule is subjected to a reduction reaction by a molecule of NADre to produce two molecules of either ethanol or lactic acid and two of NADox. During the oxidation of the two pyruvic acid molecules produced by glycolysis to two molecules of acetyl-CoA, a form of acetic acid bonded to a coenzyme called coenzyme A (CoA), two molecules of NADre are produced as are two molecules of carbon dioxide.

My activities focus on the compositions, structures, and reactions of metal complexes in solution, with emphasis on ways in which metal centers influence the reactivities of coordinated ligands. Special attention is being devoted to metal ion participation in the hydrolysis of phosphate esters and polyphosphates. For nonenzymatic processes, model systems have used both labile and inert (or partially inert) metal centers. Our investigations of metal ion promoted reactions of phosphate compounds have provided insight into (a) the conditions under which polynuclear metal complexes of di- and triphosphates form; (b) the variety and identities of species that can form in solution; (c) the structures of the more important complexes; (d) the conditions and rates under which these complexes undergo hydrolysis of the ester or polyphosphate functions; and (e) key steps in the hydrolysis mechanisms. In current work we are continuing to examine the reactivities of orthophosphate esters and of ADP and ATP. Experimental approaches include preparative chemistry, and following the progress of reactions by 31P-NMR and UV-visible spectrophotometry.

The superfamily of GTP-binding proteins are implicated in the regulation of receptormediated signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation and differentiation, intracellular vesicular transport, and cytoskeletonal organization. In most cases prenylation facilitates the interaction of these proteins with membranes and is critical for biological activity. The antimicrobial agent most extensively studied is chlorhexidine (CHX) and examples of specific research activities are as follows: i) the use of CHX mouthrinses to decrease the incidence and severity of oral candidiasis and stomatitis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplant therapy where systemic Candida infections of oral origin are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality; ii) the application of CHX to decrease the oral challenge of amoxicillin-resistant viridans streptococci prior to invasive dental procedures in patents predisposed to infectious bacterial endocarditis; iii) the use of CHX therapy to decrease the oropharyngeal levels of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonads that cause frequent severe lower respiratory infections in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis; and iv) the use of CHX to improve the oral health status of institutionalized elderly adults with severe neurologic disorders such as those with dementia phase Alzheimer's disease. We will: (1) clone lin-18 and investigate its mechanism of action, (2) perform genetic and molecular screens to identify proteins that interact with the LIN-18 protein or other components of the response pathway, (3) identify molecules specific to the asymmetric vulval cells to discover additional components required for the construction and orientation of asymmetric structures. Specifically, these areas of research are 1) the expression and role of specific genes and proteins in stroke, ischemia/reperfusion and head trauma injury, 2) the role of specific genes and proteins in amyloid formation (both systemic and cerebral amyloid), and 3) the expression and role of specific genes and proteins in atherosclerosis. For the past several years the laboratory has been studying the expression of a number of genes and proteins that change during ischemia and reperfusion injury in the gerbil.

This article submitted by lynn koreyva on 6/13/96. Here is a list of responses that have been posted to this article. You now have TWO OPTIONS: Post a new Article or post a Response to this Article If you would like to post a Response to this article, fill out this form completely. NOT the same title as the original article. Original Article: (Don't change this field!

To support a potential role for immune mechanisms in the destruction of substantia nigra (SN) neurons in PD, we have developed animal models of autoimmune nigral damage. Guinea pigs immunized with bovine mesencephalon containing SN neurons, or with hybrid dopaminergic MES 23.5 cells exhibit nigral damage as determined by histochemistry and biochemistry. Guinea pigs immunized with bovine mesencephalon demonstrate a 25% decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and a 27% decrease in dopamine content in the striatum (Appel et al, 1992). 650X. (C) Neuronal shrinkage with neuronophagia (smaller arrow) and a "glial coffin" (large arrow) together with an unaffected cell in the SN of a guinea pig immunized with MES 23.5 cells. 1) Appel, S.H., Le, W.D., Tajti, J., Haverkamp, L.J., and Engelhardt, J.I. (1992) Nigral damage and dopaminergic hypofunction in mesencephalon-immunized guinea pigs. 2) Le, W.D., Engelhardt, J., Xie, W.J., Schneider, L., Smith, R.G., and Appel, S.H. (1995) Experimental autoimmune nigral damage in guinea pigs.

Aug 21, 1996 Two Receptors on Brain Cells Identified as Possible Cause of Neuronal Damage in Alzheimer's In two studies published in the Aug. 22 issue of Nature researchers from Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center report the identification of two different receptors on cells in the brain that may cause neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease. In one study, supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the American Heart Association/New York City Affiliate, authors Drs. Joseph El Khoury, John D. Loike, and Samuel C. Silverstein found that the scavenger receptor on microglial cells binds to fibrillar beta amyloid protein but not to its non-fibrillar form. 22 issue of Nature and supported by the National Institutes of Health and the American Health Assistance Foundation, Drs. Shi Du Yan, David Stern, Ann Marie Schmidt, and others report that the cellular Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) binds amyloid-beta peptide. RAGE is found on endothelial, neuronal, and microglial cells in the brain and to an enhanced degree in affected areas in Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that amyloid-beta peptide interaction with RAGE may represent a novel target of therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease.

Researchers at Harvard Medical School and the Brockton/West Roxbury Veterans Administration Medical Center report in today's issue of The Journal of Cell Biology a molecular action of alcohol that may produce some of the damage seen in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Grants from the National Institutes of Health's National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs' Medical Research Service funded the work by Michael Charness, M.D., and colleagues Ranesh Ramanathan, Michael Wilkemeyer, Ph.D., Bina Mittal, Ph.D., and George Perides, Ph.D. The researchers transfected the human gene for the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 into mouse fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) to observe alcohol's effects. This important finding strengthens recommendations by the U.S. Surgeon General, the American Medical Association, the Fetal Alcohol Study Group of the Research Society on Alcoholism, and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology that women who are pregnant should abstain from alcohol," said NIAAA Director Enoch Gordis, M.D. The leading preventable cause of mental retardation in the United States, FAS affects about 6 percent of the offspring of alcoholic mothers. NIAAA supports research into several potential mechanisms whereby alcohol may damage the developing brain and other organs: Ethanol may induce excessive cell loss in cell populations undergoing normal programmed cell death; ethanol also may generate metabolites or the formation of reactive oxygen species that disrupt cell function; and ethanol seems to alter cell responses to molecules that regulate neuronal proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Noting that retardation, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the corpus callosum also occur in FAS, Charness and colleagues asked whether alcohol inhibits the adhesiveness of cells bearing the L1 molecule. "We found the effects of alcohol on L1-mediated cell-cell adhesion to be surprisingly sensitive and specific, said Charness in a separate interview: "Teratogens other than alcohol, including anticonvulsants, had no effect on L1, and alcohol did not inhibit adhesion mediated by a related neural cell adhesion molecule, N-CAM.

Beta amyloid is toxic to neurons in rat hippocampal slice cultures. BETA AMYLOID IS TOXIC TO NEURONS IN RAT HIPPOCAMPAL SLICE CULTURES. Hippocampal slice cultures provide an excellent in vitro system for studying central nervous system function because they retain much of the anatomical and physiological properties of intact hippocampus. The observed neurotoxicity of B1-40 in hippocampal slice cultures provides evidence that this peptide may be responsible for the neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease. Injection of acetonitrile vehicle alone produces little damage in slice cultures. Injection of B40-1, a reverse control peptide, also produces little damage.

22 issue of Nature researchers from Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center report the identification of two different receptors on cells in the brain that may cause neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease. 22 issue of Nature researchers from Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center report the identification of two different receptors on cells in the brain that may cause neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease. In one study, supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the American Heart Association/New York City Affiliate, authors Drs. Joseph El Khoury, John D. Loike, and Samuel C. Silverstein found that the scavenger receptor on microglial cells binds to fibrillar beta amyloid protein but not to its non-fibrillar form. 22 issue of Nature and supported by the National Institutes of Health and the American Health Assistance Foundation, Drs. Shi Du Yan, David Stern, Ann Marie Schmidt, and others report that the cellular Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) binds amyloid-beta peptide. RAGE is found on endothelial, neuronal, and microglial cells in the brain to an enhanced degree in affected areas in Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that amyloid-beta peptide interaction with RAGE may represent a novel target of therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease.

Mira Wasilewska, Susan Pye, Jan Braaten, Mina Chen, Jerry Radziuk In order to examine the metabolic clearance (mcri) and hepatic extraction of insulin under basal conditions and following an oral glucose load (100 g), in normal and (non-obese) glucose intolerant subjects, plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide were determined under basal conditions and following a 100-g glucose load. Preliminary (basal) determinations of the metabolic clearance of C-peptide and insulin were made using bolus injections of C-peptide and tritiated insulin. Under basal conditions, it was found that glycemia, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations as well as their metabolic clearance were equivalent in normal and glucose intolerant subjects. Following a 100-g oral glucose load, however, although C-peptide concentrations and therefore insulin secretion were equivalent in the two groups, the metabolic clearance and hepatic extraction of insulin both decreased disproportionately in the glucose intolerant patients vs controls (from 48±9 to 25±4% in glucose intolerant subjects (P<0.05) vs a change from 48±5 to 39±6% (P>0.05) in normal controls). Mcri decreased in parallel with hepatic insulin extraction from 13.4±2.2 to 7.0±1.1 ml/kg/min (P<0.05) in glucose intolerant subjects vs a change from 13.1±1.4 to 9.5±1.5 ml/kg/min in controls (P>0.05). These data, suggest that in some individuals who become glucose intolerant, a decrease in the hepatic extraction of insulin, which is not dependent on obesity, may be an early contributor to hyperinsulinemia and an early lesion in the development of diabetes.

22 issue of Nature researchers from Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center report the identification of two different receptors on cells in the brain that may cause neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease. In one study, supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the American Heart Association/New York City Affiliate, authors Drs. Joseph El Khoury, John D. Loike, and Samuel C. Silverstein found that the scavenger receptor on microglial cells binds to fibrillar beta amyloid protein but not to its non-fibrillar form. 22 issue of Nature and supported by the National Institutes of Health and the American Health Assistance Foundation, Drs. Shi Du Yan, David Stern, Ann Marie Schmidt, and others report that the cellular Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) binds amyloid-beta peptide. RAGE is found on endothelial, neuronal, and microglial cells in the brain and to an enhanced degree in affected areas in Alzheimer's disease. In th e presence of reagents that block access of amyloid-beta peptide to cellular RAGE, these pathologic effects were abolished. These findings suggest that amyloid-beta peptide interaction with RAGE may represent a novel target of therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease.

Title: Corticosterone exacerbates kainate-induced alterations in hippocampal tau immunoreactivity and spectrin proteolysis in vivo. Source: J Neurochem 1993 Jul;61(1):57-67 Abstract: Aberrant elevations in intracellular calcium levels, promoted by the excitatory amino acid glutamate, may be a final common mediator of the neuronal damage that occurs in hypoxic-ischemic and seizure disorders. GCs can exacerbate hippocampal damage induced by excitotoxic seizures and hypoxia-ischemia, and we have observed recently that GCs elevate intracellular calcium levels in hippocampal neurons. KA induced a transient increase in the immunoreactivity of hippocampal CA3 neurons towards antibodies that recognize aberrant forms of tau (5E2 and Alz-50). Physiological concentrations of corticosterone (the species-typical GC of rats) enhanced the neuronal damage induced by KA and, critically, enhanced the intensity of tau immunoreactivity and spectrin breakdown. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that neurofibrillary tangle-like alterations in tau, and spectrin breakdown, can be induced by excitatory amino acids and exacerbated by GCs in vivo Major Indexes: Corticosterone [pharmacology] Hippocampus [metabolism] Kainic Acid [pharmacology] Peptide Hydrolases [metabolism] Spectrin [metabolism] tau Proteins [metabolism] Minor Indexes: Drug Synergism Immunohistochemistry Mannose [pharmacology] Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rats Reagent Names: EC 3.4 (Peptide Hydrolases) 0 (tau Proteins) 12634-43-4 (Spectrin) 31103-86-3 (Mannose) 487-79-6 (Kainic Acid) 50-22-6 (Corticosterone) Grant ID: AG05144-AG-NIA; NS29001-NS-NINDS

Fields of Interest: Neuronal responses to injury, molluscan chemosensory systems, electron microscopy The principal focus of Dr. Emery's lab is the cellular responses of neurons to mechanical injury, using mammalian spinal cord cultures. The effects of the physical parameters of the lesion, physiological and ultrastructural changes after injury and the effects of the influx of ions through the lesion are being investigated in order to understand the pathological changes that lead to cell death after injury. Ultrastructural changes after injury indicate that extracellular calcium and sodium ions both have roles in neuronal degeneration after injury and suggest that increases of intracellular chloride may also contribute to organelle damage. This hypothermic injury involves an excitotoxic (NMDA) mechanism. In addition, studies are underway to investigate the role of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) on the survival of neurons after injury.

All case reviews, digital data preparation and computer graphics are conducted under the personal supervision of Senior Analyst Overall case management becomes more efficient and focused.The information from MLA's analysis can be dispositive, but only if brought to light before discovery closes. The pediatrician assessed the child as clinically stable; in consultation with the parents, he elected to treat as an outpatient with Augmentin (an antibiotic). The unanimous opinion of attending physicians and subsequent case reviews was that pneumonia had caused hypoxemia, which precipitated a cardiopulmonary arrest, during which anoxic brain damage resulted in extensive and irreversible neurologic deficits, and a permanent vegetative state. Specific contentions of breaches in the standards of care were (1) inadequate diagnosis, because the severity of the pneumonia or clinical instability of the patient were not appreciated, and (2) inadequate therapy, because the elction to treat as an outpatient rather than hospitalize had put the patient at higher risk. The events which caused the neurologic sequelae (hence, damages) did not occur immediately subsequent to an office visit to the pediatrician for the 'dwindles', but in the PICU of a tertiary care pediatric center where a battery of faculty attending physicians and housestaff continuously examined the child for a week post-arrest.

Symptoms may also occur because of lack of blood flow to an area of the brain (ischemia), compression or distortion of brain tissue by large AVMs, or abnormal brain development in the area of the malformation. Symptoms: headache sudden and severe localized or general resembles migraine headache in some cases vomiting that occurs with headache vision changes decreased vision double vision blurred vision seizures partial (focal) seizure generalized tonic-clonic seizure muscle weakness, any part of the body decreased sensation, any part of the body mental status change sleepy, stuporous, lethargic confused, disoriented irritability stiff neck Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease: speech impairment smell, impaired movement, dysfunctional fainting facial paralysis eyelid drooping ear noise/buzzing dizziness consciousness, decreased Because symptoms do not usually appear until serious complications such as bleeding occur, arteriovenous malformation is often an emergency condition requiring immediate hospitalization and treatment. Very large AVM may allow enough short-circuit blood flow to cause cardiac decompensation (where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to compensate for bleeding in the brain). Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if severe headache with vomiting, seizures, muscle weakness, numbness of parts of the body, or other symptoms of arteriovenous malformation occur. [Alternative names] [Definition] [Causes, incidence, and risk factors] [Prevention] [Symptoms] [Signs and tests] [Treatment] [Expectations (prognosis)] [Complications] [Calling your health care provider]

The authors tried to explain adenosine's somnogenic effect via serotonergic mechanisms (which was a way to think about sleep induction then) but I could not find any link between serotonin and adenosine. Mainly for that reason but also because of my firm belief in the monoamine sleep theory which we were testing in cats and rats, I did not think that the experiment should be repeated on other species. Then, in the middle of my lecture to M-2 students I thought: If methylxanthines produce behavioral excitation by blocking adenosine receptors, would stimulation of adenosine receptors produce sleep? I could hardly wait for my lecture to end, dashed to see Richard Green, a professor in our department who had worked on nucleosides for more than a decade, and asked him if he had some metabolically stable adenosine analogs (plasma half-life of adenosine is only 10 secs) that we could test for potential hypnotic effects in rats. Since then, my laboratory has tested the effects on sleep of adenosine, adenosine deaminase inhibitors, adenosine A1 and A2 agonists and antagonists, and adenosine transport blockers. Stone TW (1981) Physiological roles of adenosine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the nervous system.

Adults with CHD face the challenge of maintaining employment, inter-personal relationships and assuming responsibility for their own health care. Long-term disturbances in psychological adjustment range from frank psychiatric disorders to subclinical distress (secondary to the stress of chronic illness & disability, parental overprotection) and in neurocognitive functioning (secondary to ischemia/hypoxia &/or cardiopulmonary bypass in childhood). Young adults with CHD describe more concerns about sexuality than other groups of young adults with chronic illness: young men report relatively greater concerns related to issues of sexual arousal and performance and issues related to pregnancy are of concern to a significant proportion of affected young women. Specific prevalence of frank psychiatric disorders in adults with congenital cardiac disorders is unknown but clinical impression and preliminary data suggest that anxiety disorders and personality disorders may be more prevalent than in the general population. In addition to frank psychiatric disorders, individuals with CHD appear to be at risk for subclinical depression and anxiety which may impact on an their ability to work and maintain interpersonal relationships. Cardiac catheterization is particularly anxiety/panic-provoking in some adults with CHD. Anxiety and fear can exacerbate the aversiveness of cardiac symptomatology and/or impede the likelihood that interventions will be tolerated or accepted.

Plant RNA virus utilizing this gene expression strategy includes (non-inclusive list): • Tenuiviruses (maize stripe virus) • Alfalfa mosaic virus • Bromovirus (brome mosaic virus) • Carlaviruses (carnation latent virus) • Capilloviruses (apple stem grooving) • Carmoviruses (carnation mottle virus) • Closteroviruses (citrus tristeza virus) • Cucumovirus (cucumber mosaic virus) • Dianthoviruses (red clover necrotic mosaic virus) • Furoviruses (beet necrotic yellow vein virus) • Luteoviruses (barley yellow dwarf virus) • Pea enation mosaic virus • Potexvirus (Potato virus X) • Sobemoviruses (southern bean mosaic virus) • Tobamovirus (tobacco mosaic virus) • Tobraviruses (tobacco rattle virus) • Tombusvirus (tomato bushy stunt virus) • Hordeiviruses (barley stripe mosaic virus) • Ilaviruses (tobacco streak virus) Expression of RNA viral genes from subgenomic RNA were initially demonstrated by detection of the subgenomic RNA from virions and infected tissues. Carrington and Morris (1984) was able to detect, by Northern hybridization, two species of subgenomic RNA of 1.7 kb and 1.5 kb from carnation mottle virus (CarMV) virions and in the infected tissues, in addition to the 4.0 kb genomic RNA. A 1362 bp fragment of clone DNA of CarMV covering the potential subgenomic RNA initiation sites were labeled at the 5' end with p32. The labeled DNA was then denatured and annealed to the fractionated subgenomic RNA and full length genomic RNA. Furthermore, they synthesized in vitro transcripts corresponding to the two subgenomic RNA and showed that the 1.7 kb subgenomic RNA was translated into a major protein product of 7 kd and the 1.5 kb subgenomic RNA translated into the coat protein. Plant RNA virus groups utilizing this strategy includes: • Bymoviruses (barley yellow mosaic virus) • Capilloviruses (apple stem grooving virus) • Carlaviruses (carnation latent virus) • Comoviruses (cowpea mosaic virus) • Nepoviruses (Grape fanleaf virus) • Potyviruses (potato virus Y) • Tymoviruses (turnip yellow mosaic virus) The best studied polyprotein cleavage system is that of potyviruses. Deletion up to 157 amino acids at the N-terminal has no effect in the proteinase cleavage of the p35. However, further deletion into the p35 protein abolished the proteinase activity, suggesting the enzymatic activity is located at the C-terminal half of the p35. Site directed mutagenesis targeted toward amino acids conserved among potyviruses, they identified three locations where substitutions or a deletion of 5 amino acids destroyed the proteinase activity.

Scores of athletes, perhaps unknowingly, accept serious risks to their health in order to experience what they believe will be a shortcut to improved strength and performance. The shortcut is steroids. Anabolic steroids increase aggressiveness, which causes athletes to train longer and harder than they likely would have had they not been using the drugs. While the effects of anabolic steroids on athletic performance are suspect, the dangers to health are quite clear. Men who take anabolic steroids may experience an enlarged prostate gland, decreased sperm production, breast development, acne, baldness, cysts, testicular shrinkage, reduced sex drive and associated malaise (headaches, nausea and dizziness). Since anabolic steroids may be taken orally or injected, people who use injectable steroids face the same risks of acquiring serious diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS if they share needles with other users.

Vascular (formerly arteriosclerotic) dementia, which includes multi-infarct dementia, is distinguished from dementia in Alzheimer's disease by its history of onset, clinical features, and subsequent course. The dementia may also follow a succession of acute cerebrovascular accidents or, less commonly, a single major stroke. The dementia is usually the result of infarction of the brain due to vascular diseases, including hypertensive cerebrovascular disease. Personality is believed to be relatively well preserved, but personality changes may be evident in a proportion of cases with apathy, disinhibition, or accentuation of previous traits such as egocentricity, paranoid attitudes, or irritability. Consider: delirium (F05.-); other dementia, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (F00.-); mood [affective] disorders (F30-F39); mild or moderate mental retardation (F70-F71); subdural haemorrhage (traumatic (S06.5), nontraumatic (I62.0)). Vascular dementia may coexist with dementia in Alzheimer's disease (to be coded F00.2), as when evidence of a vascular episode is superimposed on a clinical picture and history suggesting Alzheimer's disease.

The relatedness of DNA samples may be assessed by comparing RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) or RFLP (Restriction Length Polymorphism) fragments of DNA; these are obtained from each sample, are separated according to their sizes, and the presence/absence of shared fragments used to estimate the relatedness of the DNA samples. The RAPDistance programs are designed to help record and analyse the fragment data; the program prompts are written for RAPD data but the programs can be used with care for RFLP data. There is a program for encoding the primary data (presence/absence of bands), and others for editing the resulting file. Alternatively the data can be recorded using a spreadsheet program, and transformed into the format used by these programs, or vice versa. The primary data may then be used to calculate pairwise distances between the samples using one or other of several metrics, and the distances stored in files with formats for: the NJTREE or NTSYS tree-building programs; the matrix-comparing program DIPLOMO; the statistical analysis program WINAMOVA; the phylogenetic analysis programs PAUP and PHYLIP; the multivariate analysis programs NTSYS; The programs are written in Ansi C. They were developed using Borlands C++ Version 3. Their lengths are approx 124kb, 592kb and 440kb and can be used if you fail to transfer RAPD104.ZIP because of its size.

Moyamoya disease affects the cerbrovascular circulation by increaseingly The age of onset appears to dictate the manifestations. In young patients, moyamoya disease is usually a small number of female patients, but this has not been substantiated. Although onset can be at any age, moyamoya disease often affects females The disease may plateau in some patients in whom it has been

Vascular hemangiomas infarct Infection chronic osteomyelitis Neoplasm primary osteoma osteosarcoma metastatic prostate breast other Drugs Vitamin D fluoride Inflammatory/Idiopathic Congenital bone islands osteopoikilosis osteopetrosis pyknodysostosis Autoimmune Trauma fracture (stress) Endocrine/Metabolic hyperparathyroidism Paget's disease One of the first things you should notice about sclerotic bone lesions is whether they are single and focal, multifocal, or diffuse. Vascular hemangiomas infarct Infection chronic osteomyelitis Neoplasm primary osteoma osteosarcoma metastatic prostate breast other Congenital bone islands osteopoikilosis Trauma fracture (stress) Endocrine/Metabolic Paget's disease As you can see, by just dropping the items that tend to cause generalized sclerosis, we have generated a fairly good differential for focal lesions. The differential for multifocal lesions happens to be identical to that for focal lesions. Vascular infarct (e.g. sickle cell) Neoplasm metastatic prostate breast other Drugs Vitamin D fluoride Congenital osteopetrosis pyknodysostosis Endocrine/Metabolic hyperparathyroidism You may have been surprised to see metastatic disease listed as a leading cause for diffuse sclerotic bones. When considering congenital causes of sclerotic lesions, benign causes such as bone islands or osteopoikilosis usually have a fairly typical appearance and are hard to mistake. When considering trauma as a cause for sclerotic lesions, remember to check and see if the areas involved are areas in the typical distribution for stress fractures.

(M-5)Tuesday Morning 11:24 AMH19 1 1/2 hours Usefulness of Power Doppler US in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Percutaneous Ethanol Injection R.A. Lencioni, MD, Pisa, Italy * C. Bartolozzi, MD PURPOSE: To investigate the usefulness of power Doppler US in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight patients (34 men, four women; aged 52-75 years) with 45 HCC lesions 5 cm or less in diameter underwent power Doppler US before and after treatment with PEI. After PEI, power signals were no longer detectable in all 34 of these 42 lesions that were seen to be necrotic at CT, MR imaging, and biopsy. All these lesions were retreated with PEI, by targeting areas of residual tumor with power Doppler US guidance. CONCLUSION: Color Doppler US proved useful for both assessing the therapeutic effect of PEI on HCC and guiding additional treatment in cases of incomplete response.

Mental Status Examination by Chih-Ta Tai MD, Ph.D 1) Attention Short: Digit span Long: Digit-hand raising test 2) Language a) Handness b) Fluency Fluent: Paraphasia: Semantic (Verbal) Phonemic Neologistic Non-fluent: High content Short phrase Sparse output Agrammatic No paraphasia c) Comprehension Pointing Pointing by description Yes/No question d) Repetition Transcortical aphasia e) Naming High frequency words: Objects Low frequency words: Parts f) Reading & writing 3) Memory a) Orientation recent memory b) Verbal recall ÒThree objects five minutesÓ test c) non-verbal recall ÒHidden objectsÓ ÒPicture recallÓ 4) Construction a) One-/two-/three dimension drawing b) Clock drawing (11:10) Right hemisphere: Gestalt Left hemisphere: Details 5) Calculation Acalculia: GerstmannÕs syndrome Visuospatial acalculia: Pariental lobe leision 6) Abstraction 7) Frontal lobe functions Motor programming Alternating program Reciprocal program Multiple loops Rhythmic flapping pattern 8) Praxis (unable to execute a motoe act on command) a) Pariental apraxia Conduction aphasia No hemiparesis Bilateral apraxia b) Sympathetic apraxia Broca aphasia Right hemiparesis Left aprexia c) Callosal apraxia No aphasia No hemiparesis Left apraxia

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I am in the process of creating a newsgroup called SCI.MED.DISEASES.MUSC-DYSTROPHY devoted to discussion about all types of Muscular Dystrophy. For information on the process of creating a newsgroup please follow this link. Below you will find the FIRST CALL FOR VOTES for the proposed newsgroup. HOW TO VOTE: You should send E-MAIL (posts to a newsgroup are invalid) to: voting@hut.fi Please do not assume that just replying to this message will work. Your mail message should contain one and only one of the following vote statements: I vote YES on sci.med.diseases.musc-dystrophy I vote NO on sci.med.diseases.musc-dystrophy If your mail software does not indicate your real name (for example, AOL does not), please also include the following statement and add your name on the _same_ line. Voter name: You may also vote ABSTAIN or CANCEL but these are not counted as valid votes for the total count.

As a result of his blindness he found many sighted people did not understand the blind or blindness. Two policemen try to help a blind woman across a busy intersection only to be attacked when she mistakes them for muggers. Some people find it entertaining to harass and tease guide dogs while they are working to help their blind user. Many sighted people want to know about what it is like to be blind, or to go blind, but have never had a resource like this book where they could find the answers to these questions. What Blind People Wish Sighted People Knew About Blindness is an informative and educational new book written to help build a bridge of understanding between the blind and the sighted communities. You learn what it is like to be blind, why some blind people can see, why God is not the cause of blindness, how blind people get around, the right way to offer assistance to a blind person you encounter in public, and more.

WASHINGTON - The Food and Drug Administration is trying to reassure epilepsy patients that a popular drug investigated for quality fluctuations is safe to use - because the concerns are more legal than medical. But some patients question whether they can believe the reassurance, saying the FDA shouldn't have waited three years to unveil its investigation of Dilantin and never told consumers the drug was recalled eight times this year alone. Several batches of the drug did not dissolve quite at the proper rate - off by between one and three percentage points - but the FDA said the fluctuations were too minor to endanger anyone. Many epilepsy patients suffer seizures despite taking medication, and the FDA has not detected any increased seizures by Dilantin patients since the fluctuations began in 1990. "The system is forcing a drug that's hard to make to be made correctly.'' Warner-Lambert had more recalls than other firms probably because since 1993 it has been under special legal scrutiny to ensure it meets manufacturing laws, FDA officials said. Patients may get more Dilantin information by calling the FDA at 301-443-5006 or Warner-Lambert at 800-221-5618.

Diabetes, a complex disease, has been used to test the methodology. Biometrical analyses were undertaken on subjects diagnosed with overt diabetes (hereafter called IDDM), chemical diabetes (NIDDM), and a group of normal subjects. In the case of the glucose and insulin concentration of normal subjects, the result shows that a unit increase in glucose entails a nonlinear reaction of insulin with the latter increasing as power 9 of glucose. The analyses shown in Table 4 indicate that, in these subjects, glucose disposal (first component) required very high concentrations of insulin (b=82.7) and that sensitivity is low (b=0.5) in comparison with normal subjects (Table 1 first component). Subjects with IDDM had large loadings on the first component, and those with NIDDM correlated strongly with the second component. Similarly, the first component of the NIDDM group would describe subjects having a normal response to a glucose load, i.e., simple hyperinsulinemia with lower yet normal insulin sensitivity.

As the name suggests, the muscles of the eyes and the throat are primarily affected causing drooping of the eyelids and swallowing problems. Both of these difficulties may progress until the eyelids nearly or completely cover the eyeball and the ability to swallow is lost. This means that each offspring from a person who has the disease (and who therefore carries the OPMD gene) has 50% risk of inheriting OPMD from his/her parent. Guy Rouleau and his colleagues at McGill University in 1995 linked OPMD to a region on the long arm of chromosome 14 (14q11.2-q13). Further data was presented by this group at the lst International Symposium on OPMD in October, 1995 which further narrowed the region on chromosome 14 where the OPMD gene is located. Although the expression of the disease was identical in these five American families when compared to the French Canadian families, the English/Scottish family demonstrated that there is a high probability that the French Canadian OPMD gene originated separately from the one shown in the English/Scottish family.

BOSTON - Body builders already believe it, and science has finally proved it: Steroids make big muscles. But researchers found no evidence that steroids make users prone to outbursts of anger known as "'roid rage." The carefully controlled study showed convincingly for the first time that a few weeks of male sex hormone injections substantially beef up arms and legs and increase strength. Men who exercised and took steroids for 10 weeks put on an average of 13 pounds of virtually pure muscle and could bench press an extra 48 pounds. In addition, psychological tests and questioning of the men's spouses found no evidence that steroids made them angrier or more aggressive. They randomly assigned them to get either dummy shots or moderately high injections of testosterone enanthate, one of several anabolic steroids used by athletes. By the end of the experiment, men who got steroids but didn't exercise could bench press an extra 20 pounds, about the same as those who worked out but didn't get steroids.

How are anabolics used by athletes? Athletes take steroids in large amounts, and often take more than one type of steroid at the same time. "(1-3) Athletes do not usually take high doses of steroids all the time. Instead they take large amounts of steroids for 4 to 18 weeks, then stop taking them for 1 to 12 months. The doses taken by younger athletes today may be as much as 36% higher than the anabolic steroid doses taken by athletes in past years. Anabolic abusers sometimes take other drugs to control the side effects caused by the steroids:(7) Estrogen blockers are taken to prevent breast enlargement (look under the question, "What effects do anabolic steroids have on adults?

The information contained in the Organizational Database (ODB) is provided for informational purposes only. There is no implied endorsement by NORD. NORD does not promote or endorse participation in any specific organization. The information is subject to change without notice. The information contained in the Rare Disease Database (RDB) is provided for educational purposes only. If you order the full text version of a report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support.

Grade 1 - Asymptomatic or minimum headache or stiff neck Grade 2 - More severe headache, stiff neck Grade 3 - Drowsy or confused, may have mild hemiparesis Grade 4 - Deeply stuporous, may have moderate to severe hemiparesis, early decerebate signs Section 3: Stroke Is Preventable Section 4: Neural Damage After a Stroke is Progressive

The information contained in the Organizational Database (ODB) is provided for informational purposes only. There is no implied endorsement by NORD. NORD does not promote or endorse participation in any specific organization. The information is subject to change without notice. The information contained in the Rare Disease Database (RDB) is provided for educational purposes only. If you order the full text version of a report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support.

The retina is a very delicate membrane that lines the back wall of the eye. Within it are sensitive photoreceptors which capture the light images that enter the eye. When diabetic retinopathy develops, the blood vessels which nourish the retina deteriorate, largely as a result of the high levels of blood sugar which are common in diabetics. In cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, some of the deteriorating retinal blood vessels close off, leaving large areas of the retina without the nourishment usually supplied by healthy blood vessels. The closing off of blood vessels is serious, but the problem is intensified when the retina begins to develop new blood vessels to compensate for the loss of the closed off vessels. Besides not nourishing the retina properly, these abnormal vessels may cause several other problems including the following:

Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside with potent atrioventricular (AV) nodal blocking activity. The efficacy of adenosine for supraventricular arrhythmias was first described in 1933, but since it is a naturally occuring compound and thus cannot be patented, there was not much incentive to develop a product for the commercial market. However, in the last nine years or so adenosine has been intensively studied, and today it is widely used for terminating paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) and as a diagnostic agent in narrow-QRS-complex or wide-complex tachycardia of uncertain cause. In the United States, adenosine (Adenocard Injection/Fujisawa) is approved only for terminating PSVT. Adenosine is formed naturally in the body as a product of the enzymatic breakdown of adenosine triphosphate or S-adenosylhomocysteine. Methylxanthines -- caffeine or theophylline -- block the adenosine receptor and thus prevent the pharmacologic effect of adenosine on the heart, while dipyridamole potentiates and prolongs the effects. While the success rate with adenosine is similar to that of verapamil, comparative studies have shown that adenosine has a much faster onset of action than verapamil -- it converts most patients with PVST to normal sinus rhythm within 30 seconds, whereas the mean time to conversion with verapamil is five minutes.

The inflammatory myopathies include dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis. If a polymyositis patient does not respond to treatment it is important that he/she see a specialist to rule out IBM. Polymyositis (PM) does not have the characteristic rash of dermatomyositis (DM). Inability to breathe due to muscle failure is uncommon but occurs more often in PM than in dermatomyositis or inclusion body myositis. Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is very similar to polymyositis. In fact, many doctors believe patients diagnosed with PM that do not respond to treatment actually may have IBM.

Diagnostic Criteria 21 2.5 Classification of Dementia 23 CHAPTER III DIP: Disease Incidence and Prevalence 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 The DIP-Base Approach for Dementia 26 3.2.1 Studies of Prevalence 26 3.2.2 Conclusions for the DIP-Base Estimates 32 3.2.3 Basis for the Estimates of the Sub-categories: Dementia, Alzheimer´s type and Multi-infarct Dementia 34 3.2.4 Conclusions for the DIP-Base estimates of the Sub-categories: Dementia, Alzheimer´s type and Multi-infarct Dementia 35 DIP-Base Estimates 38 3.3 France 39 3.3.1 Dementia, all types 40 3.3.2 Dementia in Alzheimer´s Disease 45 3.3.3 Multi-Infarct Dementia 50 3.4 Italy 55 3.4.1 Dementia, all types 56 3.4.2 Dementia in Alzheimer´s Disease 61 3.4.3 Multi-Infarct Dementia 66 3.5 Germany 71 3.5.1 Dementia, all types 72 3.5.2 Dementia in Alzheimer´s Disease 77 3.5.3 Multi-Infarct Dementia 82 3.6.

In doing so, MDA must track hundreds of thousands of hospitals and physicians throughout the United States and Canada. In addition, MDA added several employees to their organization over the last several years. They gave their employees the unique opportunity to work from their home in the state in which they covered. At the end of 1994, MDA realized that there was a great need to share information so that other recruiters could use the same hospitals and physicians. The end-users tracked the physicians work history, education, communications, phones numbers, addresses, dates available, and many other pieces of information. After the initial loading of the 1 gigabytes of data, the Oracle database was tweaked for performance.

In particular we are investigating the control, mechanisms and interactions of the mitochondrial proton pumps which participate in oxidative phosphorylation (e.g. Cytochrome c Oxidase and ATP Synthase). Current work on the molecular mechanism of the interactions between the proton pumps is carried mostly with the homologous bacterial enzymes utilizing site-directed mutants of these enzymes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is believed to be a major factor in aging-related cell injury, in general, and in neurodegenerative diseases in particular. For that purpose we have developed a sensitive flow cytometry assay for mitochondrial function in situ. Another area of research in my laboratory is concerned with the acute and chronic effects of alcohol on membrane structure and function. Current work in this area is focused on the inhibitory effect of alcohol on calcium-dependent activation of mitochondrial metabolism in the brain.

Leber congenital amaurosis: is a condition sometimes classified cortical blindness or congenital absence of the rods and cones or a type of early onset retinitis pigmentosa. Most children with this condition are completely blind at birth. Associated conditions can be disorders of the brain and head size and other physical disorders. Generally the eyes look normal for the first two or three years but then have pigmentary changes. Pupil reactions can be sluggish and eye rubbing is common. Support group: PLAN Last Changed - 29/11/96

Role of adenosine triphosphate-regulated potassium (KATP) channels in myocardial ischemic injury. These channels have been termed ATP dependent K channels (KATP) and have been found to exist in the heart, pancreatic beta cells, brain, kidney and smooth muscle. The function of these channels to regulate insulin secretion by the pancreas is well established, however, the function of KATP channels in the heart and other tissues is less well understood. Recent studies in my laboratory suggest that the KATP channel may be important in myocardial stunning since KATP channel openers attenuate or improve recovery of wall motion and KATP channel antagonists worsen the recovery of wall function. Since KATP channels have been shown to be involved in the regulation of blood flow particularly in ischemic or hypoxic myocardium and may produce a cardioprotective effect on the myocyte, it seems logical that enhancing the opening of these channels during an evolving infarction may result in less tissue damage if reperfusion occurs soon enough. Indeed, preliminary data in our laboratory indicate that KATP channel openers reduce infarct size and we will continue to study this important area and the mechanisms by which KATP channels are cardioprotective in this setting.

The iron atom of the heme group in cytochromes alternates between a reduced ferrous (+2) state and an oxidized ferric (+3) state during electron transport in oxidative phosphorylation. Cytochromes are classified into four groups (a, b, c, and d) according to spectrochemical characteristics, and there are five cytochromes between Coenzyme QH2 and O2 in the electron transport chain. (2) Suggested positive controls for detecting Cytochrome c include P388D1 mouse lymphoma cells (ATCC CCL 46), HeLa human carcinoma cells (ATCC CCL2), Jurkat T leukemia cells (ATCC TIB 152), and 3T3 NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells (ATCC CRL 1658). The antibody should be stable for at least one year when stored at 4°C. Clone 7H8.2C12 recognizes the denatured form of pigeon,(3) horse,(3) rat, mouse, and human Cytochrome c. It does not recognize the native form of Cytochrome c. Clone 7H8.2C12 recognizes an epitope within amino acids 93-104 (inclusive) of pigeon Cytochrome c, based on competitive ELISA results. Suggested positive controls for detecting Cytochrome c include P388D1 mouse lymphoma cells (ATCC CCL 46), HeLa human carcinoma cells (ATCC CCL2), Jurkat T leukemia cells (ATCC TIB 152), and 3T3 NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells (ATCC CRL 1658). PharMingen also supplies a number of reagents for apoptosis research, including: APO-BRDU, APO-DIRECT, and Annexin V-FITC for detection of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry Antibodies to Bcl-2 family proteins Antibodies to Fas and Fas Ligand Antibodies to ICE family proteins Antibodies to tumor suppressor and signal transduction proteins Antibodies to transcription factors RiboQuant RNase Protection Assay System for mRNA analysis, featuring human apoptosis probe sets

Routinely, a muscle biopsy will have histological sections cut and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for morphological assessment, with periodic-acid Schiff reagent (PAS) which stains glycogen, for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) which is a coenzyme used by many oxidative enzymes, for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) which is a co-enzyme independent mitochondrial dehydrogenase, and for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (myosin ATPase) at pH 9.5 (the Newcastle method) which distinguishes between type I, IIa and IIb skeletal muscle fibres. A small sample of the muscle biopsy is routinely processed to produce semithin sections stained with toluidine blue and ultrathin sections for electron microscopical examination of the muscle ultrastructure. This photomicrograph of a quadriceps femoris biopsy shows transversely sectioned skeletal muscle fibres with those in the centre surrounded and infiltrated by a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate composed mostly of lymphocytes. Lower motor neurone diseases cause a neurogenic atrophy characterized by random atrophy of type II skeletal muscle fibres that are angulated on transverse sections. "Target" skeletal muscle fibres, resembling the pattern on a dartboard, are commonly revealed by oxidative enzyme staining (NADH, SDH). Fibre type grouping is evident (the type I skeletal muscle fibres are darkly stained and type II skeletal muscle fibres lightly stained in this preparation) and the normal chequer-board mosiac pattern is lost.

(919) 613-8160     The objective of our collaborative research is to understand how nuclear and organelle genomes interact in controlling the biogenesis, function and genetics of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Chloroplast transformation occurs by homologous gene replacement, allowing us to dissect the functions of specific coding and regulatory sequences in situ by site directed mutagenesis. In addition, chimeric constructs useful for selection of new mutations, examination of the function of regulatory sequences or for expression of foreign genes can be targeted to specific sites in the chloroplast genome by flanking them with the appropriate endogenous sequences. Hauser, C.R., Gillham N.W. and Boynton, J.E. (1996) Translational regulation of chloroplast genes: proteins binding to the 5' untranlated regions of chloroplast mRNAs in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cerutti, H., Johnson, A.M., Boynton, J.E. and Gillham, N.W. (1995) Inhibition of chloroplast DNA recombination and repair by dominant negative mutants of Escherichia coli RecA. Randolph-Anderson, B.L., Boynton, J.E., Gillham, N.W., Huang, C. and Liu, X-Q. (1995) The chloroplast gene encoding ribosomal protein S4 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii spans an inverted repeat - unique sequence junction and can be mutated to suppess a streptomycin dependence mutation in ribosomal protein S12. Mol.

Key words Protein transport; precursor; signal peptide; molecular chaperones; organelle biogenesis; protein sorting; mitochondria; mitochondrial protein processing; ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase; ATP-dependent proteolysis; protein degradation Recent references Sjöling, S., Waltner, M., Kalousek, F., Glaser, E. and Weiner, H. (1996) "Studies of protein processing for membrane-bound spinach leaf mitochondrial processing peptidase integrated into the bc1 complex and the soluble rat liver matrix mitochondrial processing peptidase", Eur. Glaser, E., Szigyarto, C., Sjöling, S., Eriksson, A.C. (1996) "Plant mitochondrial protein import; precursor processing is catalysed by the integrated mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP)/bc1 complex and degradation by the ATP-dependent proteinase", Biochim. Knorpp, C., Szigyarto, C. and Glaser, E. (1995) "Evidence for a novel ATP-dependent membrane-associated protease in spinach leaf mitochondria", Biochem. Hugosson, M., Nurani, G., Glaser, E. and Franzén, L.-G. (1995) "Peculiar properties of the PsaF photosystem I protein from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Presequence independent import of the PsaF protein into both chloroplasts and mitochondria", Plant Mol. Knorpp, C., Hugosson, M., Sjöling, S., Eriksson, A. C. and Glaser, E. (1994) "Tissue -specific differences of the mitochondrial protein import machinery. Eriksson, A.C., Sjöling, S. and Glaser, E. (1994) "The ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex of spinach leaf mitochondria is involved in both respiration and protein processing", Biochim.

Click to enlarge Fig. Fig 1 summarizes the intimal or endothelial changes in angiographically normal coronary arteries in patients after Kawasaki disease. Fig 4 shows the moleculer mechanism of vascular response to acetylcholine and nitroglycerin. Acetylcholine is endothelium-dependent vasodilator releasing NO from the endothelium, whereas nitroglycerin is endothelium-independent vasodilator releasing NO in its metabolic pathway. Since acetylcholine also constricts vessels by its direct effect on smooth muscle, the net acetylcholine response results from the two opposing effects. Using these characters of acetylcholine and nitroglycerin, we administered these compounds to the coronary arteries in Kawasaki disease patients and control patients.

The efficiency with which amino acids are used for growth and other physiological processes is markedly influenced in poultry and other animals by the dietary balance of amino acids and the levels of other nutrients in the diet. Research in this laboratory focuses on nutritional interactions of amino acids in poultry and other monogastric species and the impact of interactions on requirements of amino acids for physiological processes such as growth, reproduction and immune function. Studies on threonine imbalance, for example, indicate that hepatic threonine dehydrogenase activity is increased two- to three-fold in chicks and rats that are subjected to threonine imbalance. The change in rats is transitory, paralleling the adverse effects of the imbalance on growth which is also transitory in these animals. The change in chicks is persistent as is the effect of threonine imbalance on growth. Studies on the arginine requirement for optimum immune function and the regulation of arginine metabolism in macrophages are being carried out in collaboration with Dr.

Ca2+ is an important second messenger. Mitochondria play a crucial role in the maintenance of the cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, because they provide ATP for the operation of various extramitochondrial Ca2+-ATPases, and because mitochondria themselves can take up and release Ca2+. In the past, we have studied in detail the mechanism by which mitochondria release Ca2+ with the maintenance of their membrane potential. We have recently found that nitric oxide (NO, nitrogen monoxide) stimulates Ca2+ release from mitochondria. As a result of this, Ca2+ transiently leaves mitochondria. NO-induced Ca2+ transients in the cytosol are used in cell signalling, as examplified by our recent finding that NO causes insulin secretion from INS-I cells.

What is a stroke? A common type of stroke is cerebral thrombosis, caused by a blockage of an artery in the brain. When blood flow to the brain is interrupted, vital supplies of oxygen and nutrients are cut-off and brain cells in the affected area begin to die almost immediately. While the death rate for stroke has dropped significantly due to improvements in medical care and the control of high blood pressure, stroke is still our nation's third leading cause of death, killing 150,000 Americans each year. Young and middle-aged African Americans have a stroke incidence rate almost twice as high as whites, and are almost twice as likely to die from stroke. Of the 400,000 Americans who survive stroke each year, 10 to 18 percent will have another stroke within one year, and approximately one-third of the survivors will have another stroke within five years.

The mission of the author is to provide information on topics related to Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA), and their role in Cell cycle, Cancer and AIDS. DNA and the cycle of life The smallest unit of life on Earth is a Cell, which contains a nucleus controlling all its activities. The information, in most of these organisms, is transcribed from DNA, by enzymes, to generate another class of molecules called Ribonucleic Acids (RNAs). Thus, DNA is the carrier of information, RNA the messenger and protein the executioner, with a few exceptions. When a cell reproduces, it transfers a copy of its genes, which as described earlier are DNA molecules, to its progeny. So, cell cycle is completely DNA dependent, which in turn depends upon environmental variables and proteins, and thus other cell constituents, for its function.

Serious ones are called Grand Mal (the medical term is generalized tonic-clonic seizures). The person suffering from a grand mal seizure may fall, stiffen, and make jerking movements. Pale or bluish complexion may result from difficulty in breathing. Place person on side (to keep airway clear) Stay with the person until seizure is over Call for medical assistance if the person is injured, pregnant, has diabetes, or has not regained consciousness after 5 minutes

Author's Email: PMDEnglish@AOL.com My daughter developed myoclonic jerks and auras at about 15 years of age. She did not have a grand mal seizure until the age of 18 when she was a college freshman. We know that theophylline in high doses can precipitate a seizure. I recently read of a law case in the west in which a man had a severe debilitating seizure as a result of being give erithromyacin(sp) with theophylline. My daughter, by chance, has met a girl with the same background -- asthma, taking theophylline, and the development of jme. I, personally, think that my daughter's seizure disorder was brought on by a genetic predispostion to epilepsy and precipitated by the asthma medication.

Ca(total) 2.6 mg/dl (0.64 mmol/L) Ca(ionized) 1.58 mmol/L 20/min(ventilated), BP 105/68 mm Hg, weight 13.8 kg. Treatment with intravenous calcium gluconate and magnesium sulfate was continued calcium complexes with fluoride result in hypocalcemia. dose of fluoride by ingestion has been estimated to be 30 mg/kg, with fatalities hypocalcemia, though noted by others as associated with HF ingestion, seems

Differential Projection of cholinergic and nitroxergic neurons in The Myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig stomach. Intracellular Neurobiotin -injections followed by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase reaction were used to identify projections of cholinergic and nitroxergic neurons. Neurons were classified as motor neurons based on varicose endings in the muscle or the occurrence of retraction bulbs, as non-motor neurons if varicose endings terminated onto other ganglion cells or as multi -targeted neurons. The percentages for NADPH -reactive motor-, non-motor neurons, and multi-targeted neurons were 57%, 39% and 4%, respectively. Cell bodies of ascending neurons were smaller in size than the descending neurons. The results indicate that ChAT- and NADPH-neurons in the stomach have preferred projections, the former being primarily ascending, the latter mainly descending neurons.

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a new diagnostic tool which is currently the most sensitive non- invasive way of imaging the brain, spinal cord, or other areas of the body. A group of neurologists who specialize in MS formulated a policy statement for the NMSS in 1986 which stated that "MRI is the preferred imaging technique in the diagnosis of MS". However, it should be remembered that approximately 5% of patients with clinically definite MS do not show lesions on MRI, and the absence of demyelination on MRI does not rule out MS as a diagnosis. Also, since many lesions seen on MRI may be in so-called 'silent' areas of the brain, it is not always possible to make a specific correlation between what is seen on the MRI scan, and the patient's clinical signs and symptoms. While MRI may be useful in helping to confirm a diagnosis of suspected MS, by itself, MRI cannot diagnose MS. Finally, as a diagnostic tool, there is no particular reason why an MS patient should have subsequent regular MRI scans once a positive diagnosis has been established.

Please use one of the following citation formats when citing the MITOMAP: We use the same citation format as GDB and OMIM. All documents generated by the database server have a date and timestamp at the bottom. Kogelnik AM, Lott MT, Brown MD, Navathe SB, Wallace DC MITOMAP: A human mitochondrial genome database. For tables and figures: Mitochondrial genome data obtained from the mtDNA database at Emory University in Atlanta, GA by direct searching on the mtDNA database computer can be cited as follows: "Data used in preparing this _________[figure, table, paper, etc. ] were derived from the MITOMAP: Mitochondrial Human Genome Database at Emory University in Atlanta (http://www.gen.emory.edu/mitomap.html) on [month] [date] [year] at [time] [AM, PM] EST."

Valium (generic name: diazepam) Diazepam is a member of the benzodiazepine family. Diazepam is used for the short-term relief of symptoms related to anxiety disorders. Diazepam is also used for the treatment of agitation, tremors, delirium, seizures, and hallucinations as a result of alcohol withdrawal. Diazepam is used to abort active seizures and can be combined with other drugs in treating severe recurrent seizures. Dosages of diazepam may need to be lowered in patients with abnormal kidney function. In patients addicted to diazepam, abrupt discontinuation of the medicine can lead to symptoms of withdrawal (insomnia, headaches, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, sweating, anxiety, and fatigue).

Epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system caused by excessive electrical activity in the brain. Epilepsy affects more than 1% of the population. We can provide information about epilepsy, current treatment methods, and available social and medical resources. Newsletter, published quarterly, provides information on the current activities of the Foundation and news that affects people with epilepsy. Family Services Program provides case management for children with epilepsy and their families. Employment Services Program provides employment services for adults with epilepsy who are unemployed or under-employed.

The scientific definition is 'the negative logarithm of the Hydrogen ion concentration'. First accept pH is a scale measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH scale runs from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline) with distilled water being neutral at pH 7. The scale between 0 and 14 is logarithmic (pH 8 is 10 times more alkaline than pH 7 and pH 9 is 100 times more alkaline than pH 7) Now we are back to the scientific explanation of pH as 'the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration'. At pH 6.5, 90% of the chlorine will be hypochlorous acid At pH 7.5, 50% of the chlorine will be hypochlorous acid At pH 8.0, 20% of the chlorine will be hypochlorous acid Unfortunately you cannot run your pool at pH 6.5 - it would acidic enough to corrode the metal fittings in your pool circulation system and it is too far from the human body's pH of 7.4 to be comfortable to bathe in. At high pH, the water will make your eyes sting and possibly give you a sore throat At high pH there are two dangers.

This is a set of databases which include Images (organisms, genetic maps, etc. It is maintained by the Megasequencing Center, University of Montreal. GOBASE, an Organelle Genome Database FMGP, a Fungal Mitochondrial Genome Project MegaGopher Gopher (Organelle research/Molecular Evolution) gopher hole This gives information on the human mitochondrion genome, including DNA Functional Map, DNA Variation, DNA Mutations and Disease, Somatic Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Aging and Degenerative Diseases, and references.

Viral Gastroenteritis is a common disease of short duration characterized by nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, headache, and body aches. However, because important fluids and essential body minerals (electrolytes) are lost with frequent diarrhea and vomiting, treatment is aimed at dietary management to replace these losses. During the first 24-36 hours the best treatment is to maintain a clear liquid diet. Clear liquids include the following: Water Clear bouillon (instant cubes or granules) Clear juices (apple, grape, cherry or cranberry - avoid citrus) Clear jello Light colored sodas (7-up, ginger-ale, etc. Toasted white bread with honey or clear jelly - avoid butter or margarine Soda crackers White rice (no butter); cream of wheat or rice cereal (no milk) Applesauce, bananas Plain cooked potatoes (not fried) Baked or broiled fish or poultry without skin or fat Cultured dairy products - buttermilk, yogurt, cottage cheese Continue clear liquid supplements Foods to Avoid: These include: Spicy foods Greasy or fatty foods including cream soups, greasy chicken soup, beef and pork Noncultured dairy products (milk, cheese, ice cream) Alcohol and caffeine Foods with roughage (whole grains, seeds, fruits with skins, raw vegetables, nuts and hulls) After approximately 24 hours of bland foods, you may gradually add these foods you have been avoiding if symptoms are improving.

It is possible that Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome may not be the name that you expected. Please check the synonyms listed below to find other names for this specific disorder. The information contained in the Rare Disease Database (RDB) is provided for educational purposes only. If you order the full text version of this report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support. Scientists assume that Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome is a rare form of "abdominal migraine" disorder in children. To READ organizational information, click on the Name.

Functions and gene products have been assigned to all mitochondrial genes including 13 protein-coding, 2 rRNA, and 22 tRNA genes ( Figure 1, Table 1, Table 2). In Figure 1 the gene products encoded by the L-strand are shown in the inner complete circle and the gene products of the H-strand in the outer complete circle. The D-loop is a triple-stranded region generated by the synthesis of a short piece of H-strand DNA, the 7S DNA. While PL predominantly transcribes the L-strand and PH1 the H-strand, such that RNA synthesis proceeds around the circle in both directions, both PL and PH1 are bi-directional (66) and associated with upstream binding sites (* A bi-directional attenuator sequence (MTTER) within the MTTL1 gene [Leu(UUR)] limits L-strand synthesis and maintains a high ratio of rRNA to mRNA transcripts from the H-strand ( 75, 76). The mature RNAs, 1 to 17 (Figure 1), are generated by cleavage of the transcript at the tRNAs (7, 8, 329, 378, 379).

I. DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYE A. Early Development of the Eye The eye develops from 1) neuroectoderm of the lateral forebrain (future diencephalon), 2) surface ectoderm, and 3) the mesoderm between the neuroectoderm and surface ectoderm including neural crest. Forebrain hollow diverticuli, called optic vesicles develop into the adjacent mesenchyme which initially induces this vesicle formation. As the vesicles grow toward surface ectoderm they 1) retain a connection to the diencephalic portion of the forebrain by optic stalks, 2) invaginate to form optic cups, and 3) induce the adjacent surface ectoderm to thicken and form lens placodes. Optic cup mesenchyme as well as the inner epithelium of the ciliary processes form suspensory ligaments which attach the ciliary body to the lens. Development of the Lens The lens vesicle forms the lens. These later lens fibers elongate immensely and overlay the original lens fibers, wrapping around their anterior and posterior surface as "U" shaped fibers, forming lens sutures where they meet cells from the opposite side of the lens.

Replacement of Thr-252 in the active center of cytochrome P450cam with a non-hydroxy amino acid residue such as Ala and Val by conventional site-directed mutagenesis converted this monooxygenase to an NADH oxidase (Imai, M. et al. In this study, a mutant enzyme with a methoxy group in place of the hydroxy group of Thr-252 (OMe-mutant) was synthesized by the method of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis (Noren, C. J. et al. Unlike other site-directed mutants without a hydroxy group at the position, the OMe-mutant retained a considerably high monooxygenase activity, yielding a stoichiometric amount of 5-exo-hydroxycamphor to that of the oxygen consumed. Thus a free hydroxy group at this position is not an indispensable requisite for the monooxygenase to cleave the O-O bond of molecular O2 as previously proposed.

The information contained in the Organizational Database (ODB) is provided for informational purposes only. There is no implied endorsement by NORD. NORD does not promote or endorse participation in any specific organization. The information is subject to change without notice. Every effort is made to ensure that the details for each entry are as current as possible.

Description of the database Search The Mitochondrion Database How to download The Mitochondrion Database Database editors Chromosome idiograms This database is dedicated to the nuclear genes specifying the enzymes, structural proteins, and other proteins, many still not identified, involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function. MitoDat highlights predominantly human nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins, although we are including proteins from other animals in addition to those currently known only from yeast and other fungal mitochondria, as well as from plant mitochondria. The database consolidates information from various biological databases, eg. Search the Mitochondrion database by specifying search terms below (one per entry). Database definitions Notes on the database Get entry by EC number Hint: you can restrict the search by specifying the Organelle Compartment name with an AND restriction. Click on download database file Click on download references file [Remember to turn off Load to Local Disk.

Please check the synonyms listed below to find other names for this specific disorder. If you order the full text version of this report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support. Visual symptoms may include: impaired vision or blindness in one half of the visual field (hemianopsia), and/or blindness due to lesions in the area of the brain concerned with vision (cortical blindness). The information is subject to change without notice. To READ organizational information, click on the Name. 1469 Metabolic Information Network (for physicians and researchers only) Calls are taken from Physicians and Researchers only.

International Behavioral Neuroscience Society (IBNS) - encourages research/education in behavioral neuroscience and the relationship between brain and behavior. MedCom Neuroscience - non-profit information provider for clicians and medical professionals offering free counseling and referrals for those in need. NRGL - private research organisation on computational neurosciences and molecular nanotechnology. Neurochirurgisch Centrum Zwolle - introduction to staff, information about procedures and patient information on various conditions (in Dutch). Society for Neuroscience - the world's largest organisation of scientists and physicians dedicated to understanding the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. is a trademark of Yahoo!

Zofran and Compazine make it so that nausea can be easily managed. Seems appropriate to me: chemo and nausea, chemoreceptor and nausea. As it turns out, the chemo part of chemotherapy triggers the chemo part of CTZ by getting your body to release natural chemicals like dopamine and serotonin that stimulate the feelings of nausea. The Zofran is supposed to trick your CTZ by blocking the release of the natural chemicals and to help your digestive track empty faster preventing the feeling of fullness which can trigger the CTZ. It may be wise to eat a small meal (but do eat) rather than a large one after chemo to help prevent this aspect of the body function. One thing to remember about the compazine is that you need to take it at the first twinge of nausea. It is extremely effective in preventing nausea from even the harshest chemo drugs.

Mild fever RUQ pain, discomfort or enlarged liver Arthritis is found in 15% of patients and in hepatitis B is associated with immune complex deposition. The icteric phase can last days to weeks at which time patients enter a convalescent phase with improvement in both labs and clinical symptoms. This complication is occasionally seen with hepatitis A and patients may experience a protracted course with cholestatic features and alk. Rest Restrict activity per patient Increased caloric intake may shorten the course Abstention from alcohol only during acute phase Avoid birth control pills and androgenic steroids No benefit from trials using corticosteroids, cimetidine, globulin or exchange transfusions. Pooled ISG (Immune serum globulin) is recommended for all persons who share a household, hospital room or dormitory room with a hepatitis A patient. Residents and staff of custodial care facilities Intravenous drug users Sexual and household contacts of patients with Hepatitis B surface Ag+ Alaskan eskimos Infants born to Hep B surface Ag+ mothers.

Recently the development of second-generation nucleoside analogues showed potent inhibition of HBV and less toxicity in vitro (1). Within 4 weeks almost all treated patients (1daily dose 100mg) became HBV DNA negative by a standard hybridization technique (HBV DNA, Abbott, Genostics). Lamivudine may have high efficacy for clinical conditions that benefit from suppression of viral replication for example prior to liver transplantation in HBV-associated liver failure and post liver transplantation in case of recurrent hepatitis. In vitro testing of cis-5-fluoro-1-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine (FTC) showed very potent inhibition of viral replication and minimal toxicity (6), but clinical trials of this antiviral compound have not yet begun. Several second-generation nucleoside analogues with potent activity against HBV are in experimental use for patients with chronic hepatitis B. However, the elimination of the virus with just a single dose of drug administered orally each morning for several weeks may be wishful thinking. Famciclovir has been shown to be effective in patients with recurrent hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation and the results of a large Phase III study are expected.

The expanding clinical phenotype of the tRNALeu(UUR) AG mutation at np 3243 of mitochondrial DNA: Diabetic embryopathy associated with mitochondrial cytopathy - Volume 62, Number 4, Page 404 - 24 April 1996 The expanding clinical phenotype of the tRNALeu(UUR) AG mutation at np 3243 of mitochondrial DNA: Diabetic embryopathy associated with mitochondrial cytopathy Annette Feigenbaum, David Chitayat, Brian Robinson, Daune MacGregor, Tomoko Myint, Gerald Arbus, Margaret J.M. Nowaczyk Divisions of Clinical Genetics, Neurology, and Nephrology, Departments of Paediatrics and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Received for publication November 11, 1995; Revised December 28, 1995 Keywords mitochondria, MELAS, diabetic embryopathy, caudal regression, anal atresia, diabetes mellitus, seizures Abstract We describe a family which demonstrates and expands the extreme clinical variability now known to be associated with the AG transition at nucleotide position 3243 of the mitochondrial DNA. The twins' mother developed diabetes mellitus type I at the age of 20 years and gastrointestinal problems at 22 years. Since age 19 years, the maternal aunt has had recurrent strokes, seizures, mental deterioration and deafness, later diagnosed as MELAS syndrome due to the tRNALeu(UUR) AG mutation. This pedigree expands the known clinical phenotype associated with tRNALeu(UUR) AG mutation and raises the possibility that, in some cases, diabetic embryopathy may be due to a mitochondrial cytopathy that affects both the mother's pancreas (and results in diabetes mellitus and the metabolic dysfunction associated with it) and the embryonic/fetal and placental tissues which make the embryo more vulnerable to this insult.

OBJECTIVE - Nicotinamide, a vitamin of the B group, has in vitro actions capable of interfering with the pathogenetic process leading to IDDM. Since 1987, several studies have evaluated nicotinamide as a means of protecting -cells from end-stage destruction in insulin-treated patients with newly diagnosed IDDM. The aim of the study was to determine whether nicotinamide protects residual -cell function when given at IDDM diagnosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We performed a meta-analysis of the integrated parameters of metabolic control (C-peptide, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin dose) in 10 randomized (5 of which were placebo) controlled trials conducted in recent-onset IDDM patients for a total of 211 nicotinamide-treated patients. RESULTS - One year after diagnosis, baseline C-peptide was significantly higher in nicotinamide-treated patients, compared with control patients (0.73 ± 0.65 vs. CONCLUSIONS - This combined analysis demonstrates a therapeutic effect of nicotinamide in preserving residual -cell function when given at IDDM diagnosis in addition to insulin.

When cells become anoxic or ischaemic, they first show reversible changes in function (why do we lose consciousness when oxygen supply to the brain is impaired? In this project we study single cells dissociated from the CNS, the heart, the adrenal medulla and other tissues and grown in short term culture to examine: the mechanisms that couple changes in function (excitability, contractility, secretory responses) with changes in energy supply. Changes in all these variables with imposed changes in oxygen or glucose availability, with applied glutamate (to neurons) or oxidative stress, will help to define the sensitivity of different cell types to hypoxic injury, to account for changes in function of the cells and to examine potential protective mechanisms. Substrate-dependent changes in mitochondrial function, [Ca2+]i and membrane channels in pancreatic beta cells in culture. We now wish to identify the nature of the pore and the cyclosporin A binding site in the mitochondria, and to determine the mechanisms of protection of cyclosporin A at the level of the single cell. , 24, (supp.IV), S.31. Duchen, M.R., McGuinness, O., Brown, L., & Crompton, M. (1994) The role of the cyclosporin-A sensitive mitochondrial pore in myocardial reperfusion injury.

generic name: diazepam BRAND name: VALIUM DRUG CLASS: Diazepam is a member of the benzodiazepine family. Diazepam is also used for the treatment of agitation, tremors, delirium, seizures, and hallucinations as a result of alcohol withdrawal. Diazepam is used to abort active seizures and can be combined with other drugs in treating severe recurrent seizures. Dosages of diazepam may need to be lowered in patients with abnormal kidney function. In patients addicted to diazepam, abrupt discontinuation of the medicine can lead to symptoms of withdrawal (insomnia, headaches, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, sweating, anxiety, and fatigue).

William H. Calvin, "Listening to Cortical Neurons" sound files publication list William H. Calvin "Listening to Cortical Neurons" RealAudio compressed sound files Copyright ©1997 by W. H. Calvin. Neurophysiologists routinely listen to neurons via loudspeakers in their laboratories, much as anesthesiologists listen to a patient's heartbeat in the operating room. This RealAudio file [epileptic.ra] allows you to listen to a sample of the audio monitor, amplifying the signal of several cortical neurons near the epileptic focus in an awake patient prior to removal of the epileptic region of brain2. This RealAudio file [Interictal.ra] amplifies the signal of several cortical neurons near an experimental epileptic focus in a rhesus monkey3.

I have been involved in the group of K. Hepp and T. Knoepfel in modeling the electrophysiological properties of the mossy fiber - granule cell - Golgi cell system in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. We have developed compartmental models of granule and Golgi cells and started to study small populations of granule cells and Golgi cells by using network simulations. An understanding of the information processing in the input layer of the cerebellum is expected to lead to a better comprehension of the role of the output elements of the cerebellar cortex, the Purkinje cells.

You have reached the old CNBC home page. The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition (CNBC) is a joint program between Carnegie Mellon University and The University of Pittsburgh. Focus of the CNBC Training faculty at the CNBC Departments with faculty in CNBC People of the CNBC Contacting people in the CNBC (mailing lists; only available locally) Current research at the CNBC Positions available at the CNBC Seed money for cooperative research projects. Other Neuroscience, Connectionist and Cognitive Science Resources A link to other neuroscience home pages, online journals, neuroscience and connectionists use-net groups, simulators, archive sites, etc. Neuroscape An E-journal about neuroscience at the CNBC and NPC. Look for Lab interviews and a suggested reading list, as well as lots of other great stuff. CNBC Newsgroup (only available in pittsburgh) A usenet group dedicated to announcements and discussion related to the CNBC and NPC. The PDP++ Software Home Page The next generation of the PDP software released with the McClelland and Rumelhart "Explorations in Parallel Distributed Processing Handbook", MIT Press, 1987.

MRI (which stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is the newest way to view the human body since the CT ("CAT") scanner was invented. Unlike CT scans, MRI does not use radiation in the conventional sense of the word. The hydrogen atoms in the patient's body react to the magnetic field, and a computer anayzes the results and makes pictures of the inside of your body. The technologist (the person who takes the pictures) will position you on the table, and then move the table so that the area of interest is in the center of the machine's "tube. The nurse will call you back and help decide what is the best method for you to take the MRI exam. Please be sure to inform the technologist or the radiologist if you have had any metal objects within in your body, such as pacemakers, aneurysm clips, or a prosthesis.

Title: The neurotoxicity of phenobarbital and its effect in preventing pentylenetetrazole-induced maximal seizure in aging mice. Source: Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1988 Dec;7(4):261-71 Abstract: The effects of age on the neurotoxicity of phenobarbital and its anticonvulsant effect were examined in female BDF1 mice of different ages by means of a rotorod test and the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced maximal seizure, respectively. The minimal neurotoxic concentrations (MTCs) of phenobarbital in both plasma and brain evaluated by a rotorod test were 50% lower (p less than 0.05) in old (24-months-old) mice compared with the respective values in young (6-months-old) mice, while 12-months values were the highest of the three groups. Mice given some dosages of phenobarbital, particularly old (24-months-old) mice, died within the 15-min observation period after an i.p. injection of PTZ (150 mg/kg) without demonstrating a hindlimb extensor component (HLE) of maximal seizure. When these animals were classified as responders with regard to the anticonvulsant effect of phenobarbital, the minimal effective concentrations (MECs) in plasma and brain required for abolishing the PTZ-induced maximal seizure in old mice were only 10-20% those of young mice. Present results coupled with our past studies using electroshock seizure suggest that both the neurotoxicity and the efficacy of phenobarbital increase with age in mice Major Indexes: Aging Phenobarbital [therapeutic use] Seizures [prevention & control] Minor Indexes: Administration, Oral Drug Tolerance Injections, Intraperitoneal Mice Pentylenetetrazole Phenobarbital [adverse effects] [metabolism] Seizures [chemically induced] [metabolism] Reagent Names: 50-06-6 (Phenobarbital) 54-95-5 (Pentylenetetrazole) Language: English

Mediation of Co-C bond cleavage by cobalamin dependent enzymes\thanks{This work is supported by NRICGP/CSRS/USDA Program in Human Nutrients #91-6180-6798 and the Regional Center for Time-ResolvedX-ray Spectroscopy under NIH grant RR-01633. We have been intensively studying different forms of the free cobalamins and also the enzyme bound complexes by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to answer the question how the enzyme accelerates the Co-C bond cleavage. The 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole group (DMB or ``base"), connected to the Co atom on the opposite side of the Co-C bond, has a significant role modulating the Co-C bond cleavage. Recent crystallographic data from Rowena Matthews (University of Michigan) and collaborators shows that in the 27K proteolytic fragment of methionine synthase, a methylcobalamin dependent enzyme, the DMB ligand of the cofactor is replaced by a histidine group of the enzyme. Comparison of Fourier-transform data of methylcobalamin and the enzyme bound complex shows differences inconsistent with methylcobalamin presence in its free form in the enzyme. The experimental data of the enzyme bound cofactor gives a better match with the FEFF simulation of the modified cobalamin.

Thu, 11 Apr 96 01:15:24 PDT Messages sorted by: [ date ][ thread ][ subject ][ author ] Next message: CVNet: "CVNet - ARVO Party announcement" Previous message: CVNet: "CVNet - postdoc. respondents, with my "thank you") to my recent query on motion blindness. Please share them as you see fit with the CVNet membership. "They found a patient with bilateral damage to an area of the human brain Giaschi writes: Baker has reported a case of motion blindness (see ref.

There have been reports in the Danish press (in Berlingske Tidende, 7 October 1996, for example) of a Swedish study (Malm et al. In this connnection, it has been mentioned, incorrectly, that there are no scientific studies that show a positive effect for athletes of taking Q10 supplements. Pharma Nord has knowledge of a number of studies that show a positive effect of Q10 supplementation in connection with intense physical activity as well as knowledge of a number of other studies that show a lesser or no effect, but, at the same time, do not show any negative effects either. The second study (Salonen et al) only shows, on the other hand, some relatively small improvements of physical condition as the result of Q10 supplementation in a group of Finnish marathon runners, but it does show very clearly that there were no negative effects of Q10 supplementation. With the notable exception of the previously mentioned Swedish study, there are no studies (the list contains references to 18 articles at present) that support the contention that Q10 may be harmful in connnection with strenuous physical activity. Since the Swedish study is relatively small (there were only 15 participants in all) and not especially well designed (there was, for example, no measurement of Q10 levels in blood either before or after supplementation, and there was no measurement of other blood parameters than creatine kinase levels), it is our considered opinion that its proclaimed results should be taken with a grain of salt.

Diarrhea &/or Vomiting Diarrhea and vomiting both come from irritation or infection of the intestinal tract. The goal of treatment of either one is to maintain hydration, keep the child as happy as possible, and promote healing. DIARRHEA Babies and children get diarrhea from one of several causes. If the child is more upset in her or his activity level or the drinking has decreased or the child is vomiting, try giving only clear liquids as outlined under VOMITING below. If a child is very lethargic or loosing weight over a period of hours or a day the child needs to be seen. If a child is very lethargic, has sunken eyes or acute pain, or has difficulty moving around it is best to have the child seen by a doctor.

GENERAL INFORMATION Following is a range of other services and organisations which may help. ALZHEIMER'S ASSOCIATION The Alzheimer's Association has information about dementia and carer support groups. CARERS' INFORMATION KIT An information kit is available for carers. It has information about financial, legal, health and safety issues and the local services available in your area. By connecting to the above you will have access to the Alzheimer's Association helpers (plain English discussions on problem behaviours etc), information on their services, links to their state and overseas sites. New South Wales(02) 9805 0100 Victoria(03) 9818 3022 Queensland(07) 3857 4043 Western Australia(09) 388 2800 South Australia(08) 372 2100 Tasmania(002) 348 884 Northern Territory(089) 413 963 TELECOM AGE PAGE COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND FAMILY SERVICES The Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services in your State or Territory can also give you more information.

Here you can find world-wide links of RNA related topics. If you have a VRML viewer installed you can download a line and ribbon drawing of the yeast phenylalanine t-RNA (Protein Data Bank code: 4tna) shown in the other logo in VRML format. Three-dimensional structures (coordinates and images) The Nucleic Acid Database (Rutgers) The Nucleic Acid Database (Rutgers) - EBI mirror Protein Data Bank (Brookhaven) (including RNA structures) Protein Data Bank (Brookhaven) (including RNA structures) - EBI mirror The RiboWeb Project (three-dimensional models of the E. coli 30 S ribosomal subunit and 16 S rRNA) Image Library of Biological Macromolecules (IMB Jena) (with images of all RNA structures (hopefully) from the Protein Data Bank and Nucleic Acid Database; includes a VRML division, which is one of the first examples of Virtual Reality Modeling in Biology) Electron Micrographs of Plant Viruses (DNA and RNA) - Rothamsted Experimental Station Visualization of Viruses (DNA and RNA)- University of Wisconsin, Madisson Ribosome Images (Wadsworth Center Microscope 3D Database) Sequences and Secondary structures BERLIN - RNA Databank of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA Gene Sequences (CAOS/CAMM, The Netherlands) GenCANS RDP Classification Server Haemophilus influenzae RNA genes Higher Plant Mitochondrial tRNA Genes Ribosomal Database Project (Urbana, IL) Ribosomal RNA mutation databases RNA Secondary Structures - Group I introns, 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA (Boulder, CO) RNA Modification Database RNase P Database (Microbiology, NCSU) rRNA - Database of Ribosomal Subunit Sequences (University of Antwerp, Belgium) Signal Recognition Particle Database (SRPDB) (University of Texas Health Center at Tyler) Small RNA Database (Baylor College of Medicine) Small RNA Compilation (EBI) (1991 ! ) TARD - Translational Active Regions Database (Novosibirsk) tRNA and tRNA Gene Sequences (EBI) uRNA Database (uRNADB) (University of Texas Health Center at Tyler) Viroid and viroid-like RNA sequences (University of Sherbrouke / Canada) Other Check specifity of an rRNA probe Comprehensive Collection of Molecular Biology Protocols (including RNA) Extinction Coefficient Calculation for DNA and RNA Oligomers Free Energy and Enthalpy Tables for RNA Folding RNA Editing Web Site RNA Molecular Weight Markers MFOLD WWW server (Fold your own sequences on M. Zuker's server) tRNAscan (search for transfer RNA genes in a genomic sequence) (PubMed searches the 8 million citations in MEDLINE supplemented by pre-Medline citations which do not yet have MeSH index terms and by citations supplied electronically by publishers) or combined bibliographic/sequence databases like ENTREZ. The RNA Prototype BIOSCI Newsgroup Archive provides the opportunity to search for old articles or to post new ones.

Note: pressing the symbol will find the citations in MEDLINE whose text most closely matches the text of the preceding OMIM paragraph, using the Entrez MEDLINE neighboring function. The first twin developed normally until the age of 25 months when, during sleep, she developed irregular respirations, perioral cyanosis, flaccidity, and urinary incontinence. Several other similar episodes followed during one of which the child died at the age of 27 months. The second twin first displayed sleep apnea at age 27 months, shortly after the death of her twin sister. Between 2 and 31 months of age, numerous hospitalizations were required for apneic episodes, some with severe lactic acidosis. The child died at age 31 months as a result of a severe apneic spell.

The information contained in the Organizational Database (ODB) is provided for informational purposes only. There is no implied endorsement by NORD. NORD does not promote or endorse participation in any specific organization. The information is subject to change without notice. Every effort is made to ensure that the details for each entry are as current as possible.

Institute for Biomedical Informatics Medical Faculty University of Ljubljana Vrazov trg 2 61105 Ljubljana Slovenia Telephone (+386 61): 313-233, 320-672, 311-769, 313 622 local lines: 41-88, 48-51 Telefax (+386 61) 311-540 E-mail: ibmi@mf.uni-lj.si ANIMUS::INFOIBMI (DECnet) Head: doc.dr. Multinet (TCP/IP), PMDF, CDS/ISIS (bibliographic databases), BMDP (Biostatistics), ATLASS (library operation), TeX (publishing), WordPerfect, Recognita OCR and several PC sotware packages: Word,d-BASE, QuatroPro, Harward Graphics, Sigmaplot. Main programmes on educational, research and professional levels include medical informatics generally and particularly: Computer and communication technology in medicine; Application of this technology within the Medical Faculty; Scientific and technical information in biomedicine; Biostatistics in medical research; Teaching biomedical informatics (including biostatistics) to the undergraduate students in medicine and dentistry; Teaching biomedical scientific information and communication (in cooperation with CML) to ostgraduate students at the Medical Faculty; Teaching biostatistics to the postgraduate students at the Medical Faculty; Participation in different postgraduate courses within the University of Ljubljana; Education of users of the Medical Faculty Communication and Information Network and education in other computer related topics. IBMI's professional activities cover three fields: Biostatistics, Scientific Information and Biomedical Communication. Organisation and implementation of the Communication and Information Network of the Medical Faculty and its integration in national as well as international academic networks; Electronic mail support; Organisation of the national directory of users in biomedical communication; Organisation of local electronic conferences; Cooperation with medical organisations in Slovenia.

If you know of any sites relevant please email me by clicking the button below. Credit for many of these links go to the Murdoch Institute Home Page. Asperger's Syndrome support Network (Australian) A-T Children's Project A support group for those with Ataxia Telangiectasia. Best experienced with Click here to start. Microsoft is a registered trademark and the Microsoft Internet Explorer Logo is a trademark of Microsoft.

Barbiturates are powerful depressants that slow down the central nervous system (CNS). Classified as sedative/hypnotics, they include amobarbital (e.g. Amytal), pen obarbital (e.g. Nembutal), phenobarbital (e.g. Luminal), secobarbital (e.g. Seconal), and the combination amobarbital-secobarbital (e.g. Tuinal). The effects of any drug depend on several factors: the amount taken at one time the user's past drug experience the manner in which the drug is taken the circumstances under which the drug is taken (the place, the user's psychological and emotional stability, the presence of other people, the simultaneous use of alcohol or other drugs, etc. It is extremely important to note that in spite of acquiring tolerance to the intoxicating effects of barbiturates, the user develops no tolerance to the lethal action of the drug Therefore, high doses could produce fatal results even for tolerant abusers. Taking barbiturates with other CNS depressants - e.g. alcohol; tranquillizers; such opioids as heroin, morphine, meperidine (Demerol), codeine, or methadone; and antihistamines (found in cold, cough, and allergy remedies) - can be extremely dangerous, even lethal. Barbiturates are commonly and heavily used by heroin addicts; they inject a mixture of both drugs to obtain a pleasurable "high" - a hazardous practice, because both drugs depress respiratory control centres in the brain.

Pages of links to resources outside the UK also exist on this server, but are not as actively maintained and certainly not complete. Individual membership is 30 pounds sterling annually, 50 pounds for departmental membership Future seminars and other BMIS events Membership information CEN TC-251 European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI) European Medical Informatics Society (EMIS) French Medical Informatics Association German Medical Informatics Association in German International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) The Primary Health Care Specialist Group of the British Computer Society The Journal of Informatics UK Med W3 a collection of medical web links Swiss Society for Medical Informatics Thai Medical Informatics Society details of 1995 annual conference Pan-hellenic Society for Medical Informatics Aalborg University Department of Medical Informatics and Image Analysis, MIBA Denmark Aberystwyth (Wales) Institute for Health Informatics European Primary Care Informatics Home Page links to Web resources, conference info, especially those connected with Primary Health care Extensive Bibliography to literature published concerning Computers in Primary Health Care Medical Informatics in Central and Eastern Europe a page of informatics links maintained at Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London. Netherlands Medical Informatics Homepage Katholic University of Nijmegen Erasmus University Rotterdam Limburg University Maastricht Open University Healthcare Informatics Interest Group Pavia University, Italy Medical Informatics Laboratory Politecnico di Milano Medical Informatics Department Rouen University (France) Rouen University Information System Department List of International Medical Informatics Web Resources, based in France at Rouen Hospital Royal Free Hospital (London) Department of Medical Computing & Informatics (provides access to IT equipment for undergraduates and postgraduates) Royal Brompton Hospital (London) Sheffield (UK): Dept of Information Studies Sowerby Unit for Primary Care Informatics (Newcastle, UK)- Home Page SPRI Department of Medical Informatics Swedish centre for coding University of Wales, Aberystwyth Institute for Health Informatics Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science in Medicine Hamburg UK National Inventory Project a database of telematics projects, maintained centrally by the UK governments Centre for Information Systems. From University of Campinas Centre for Biomedical Informatics Columbia Department of Medical Informatics International Cochrane Collaboration Duke University Department of Medical Informatics University of Florida Department of Medical Informatics Georgia Institute of Technology Medical Informatics Department Health Information Research Unit ,McMaster (Canada) Hopkins Bioinformatics McGill University, Montreal (Canada) The Medical Records Institute University of Missouri-Columbia Medical Informatics Group San Diego Laboratory for Biological Informatics and Theoretical Medicine Stanford Center for Advanced Medical Informatics (CAMIS) What is Medical Informatics? See also the following international medical index pages: The WWW VL: Biosciences MedWeb: Biomedical Internet Resources Searchable Index for the WWW VL Biosciences Anesthesiology (Medicine) Pharmacy Complete list of Biomedical WWW Sites The Medical Matrix guide to internet medical resources Index of Medical Web pages by specialty, held at Stanford US Index of Medical Web pages at GalaxyNet Medicine on the Internet (gopher resources) List of Medical Web Resources in France

Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol.88, No.5, March 6, 1996 An indirect, coupled assay was used to measure DT-diaphorase activity in the S9 supernatants. Activity was assayed spectrophotometrically by measuring cytochrome c reduction at 550 nm in the presence of NADH. Standard reaction mixtures (1mL) contained cytochrome c (77 µ M), NADH (cofactor, 200 µ M), menadione (intermediate electron acceptor, µM), bovine serum albumin (0.14%), and Tris-HCl buffer (50mM, pH 7.5). The activity attributable to DT-diaphorase was that which was inhibited by dicumarol (10µ M), a known inhibitor of DT-diaphorase. NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase and NADH:cytochrome-b5 reductase activities were measured in direct assays since both enzymes are able to reduce cytochrome c in the presence of cofactor alone (NADPH and NADH, respectively). Rates of reduction were calculated from the initial linear part of the reaction curves, and units of enzyme activity were expressed as nanomoles of cytochrome c reduced per minute per milligram of protein.

Accession numbers for reductase component of three component-type P450-containing systems Compiled by Kirill N. Degtyarenko (kirill@icgeb.trieste.it) last modified: Tuesday, 25-Feb-97 16:09:49 GMT NADPH:adrenodoxin reductases (P450-specific) ferredoxin:NADH reductases NADH:cytochrome b5 reductases Species abbreviations Mitochondrial (1) and most bacterial P450-containing systems (2) have three components: an FAD-containing flavoprotein (NADPH or NADH-dependent reductase), an iron-sulphur protein, and P450. Bacterial P450-specific ferredoxin reductases belong to FAD-dependent pyridine nucleotide reductase family, whereas cytochrome b5 reductase belongs to flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family. Gene Species PIR SwissProt GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ PRF DIA1 bov A23896 P07514 M83104 1111250A hum JS0468 B26616 P00387 M16461 M16462 T09077 M28705 1203280A M28706 M28707 M28708 M28709 1516206A M28710 M28711 M28712 M28713 1707155A S79503 S79504 Y09501 rat JX0119 P20070 J03867 X77117 D00718 D00636 1413360A S23641 S42567 X65190 X65191 1612299A ART U24681 cbr1 Sce S49935 P38626 Z28365 2006246A mcr1 Sce A55196 P36060 Z28150 Z26877 2102246A Z49218 ART = artificial gene bov = bovine hum = human Pse = Pseudomonas species Psp = Pseudomonas putida rat = rat Rho = Rhodococcus species Sce = Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) Ser = Saccharopolyspora erythraea

Coenzyme Q10 is a critical component of the electron transport pathway in the energy producing mitochondria. Without sufficient CoQ10, highly reactive electrons may cause damage to the lipids, proteins and DNA contained in the mitochondria. CoQ10 is found in the diet in foods which are high in mitochondria, typically animal and fish protein. Antioxidant function of coenzyme Q. Carnitine and coenzyme Q10: biochemical properties and functions, synergism and complementary action. Coenzyme Q10: a new drug for myocardial ischemia?

The bony labyrinth (the recess in the bone) contains a membranous labyrinth, consisting of: a simple squamous epithelium membrane Note: these are not sensory cells. ) The membranous labyrinth here is similar, with a few modifications: the simple squamous epithelium contains two groupings of columnar sensory hair cells: the macula utriculae the cristae ampullaris The connective tissue is about the same (thin loose vestibular ligaments), except it becomes thicker beneath the macula and the cristae ampullaris. The epithelium and connective tissue are complex in the cochlea: On top of the osseus spiral lamina, the connective tissue (which doubles as the periosteum of the bone) is thickened, and covered with an epithelium. ) Two membranes, composed of a continuation of this CT and two layers of epithelium, stretch across the cavity to reach the other side: Reissner's (vestibular) membrane (upper) basilar membrane (lower) The organ of Corti (at this distance) is a row of taller cells sitting on the upper layer of the basilar membrane's simple squamous epithelium. Its apical surface is bathed in endolymph and its basal surface is bathed in perilymph (more on this in a moment) These two membranes divide the cochlear duct into three compartments: scala vestibule (superior to Reissner's membrane), containing perilymph scala media (between the membranes), containing endolymph scala tympani (inferior to the basilar membrane), containing perilymph Orientation: we are defining 'inner' as 'toward the spiral limbus' and 'outer' as 'away from the spiral limbus.' A number of interesting cells sit on the upper simple squamous layer of the basilar membrane: the inner pillar cell and outer pillar cell (note unusual shape) just lateral to the pillar cells: a row of 1 inner phylangeal cell a row of 3 outer phylangeal cells just superior to the phylangeal cells: a row of 1 inner hair cell a row of 3 outer hair cells just lateral to the phylangeal cells: other cells (which have many different names) with supportive functions, which we will simply call inner border cells outer border cells Note: the endolymph and perilymph are really only separated by one very thin membrane here, because: The border cells, phylangeal cells, hair cells, and pillar cells form a tight continuous layer (the reticular lamina), the superior portion of which is bathed in endolymph.

Thermodynamics, software and databases for RNA structure. Thermodynamic considerations and rules for RNA folding RNA Biophysical Chemistry: The Turner Group at the University of Rochester's Department of Chemistry The Turner energy rules for RNA folding. Energy dot plots: Ann Jacobson & Michael Zuker Programing: Eric Nelson, Roland Gaboury, John Jaeger, Joanne Ridgeway & Michael Zuker RNAstructure, Version 2.0 A new C++ version of mfold for Windows 95 and Windows NT by David Mathews. efn server:Compute the energy of an RNA or DNA structure. This text is divided into seven major sections: Organization of Genetic Material Semiconservative Nature of DNA Synthesis The Chemistry of DNA Synthesis The Proteins of DNA Synthesis DNA repair Properties of the Three Major RNA Species RNA Synthesis RNA

Research interests People in the lab: links to our home pages and email addresses Sean Eddy assistant professor eddy@genetics Todd Lowe graduate student lowe@genetics Jose Aguilar programmer aguilar@genetics Mindi Domijan technician mindi@genetics Cheryl Becker undergraduate cbecker@genetics Andreas Szabados rotation student szabados@genetics Biosequence analysis compute servers PFAM Search a protein sequence against the PFAM HMM database of common protein domains. tRNAscan-SE Find and annotate tRNA genes in a DNA sequence Software HMMER Hidden Markov models for sequence profile analysis. the README from the HMMER source code distribution User's Guide for the current software release, in hypertext form Man pages for the current software release, in hypertext form The current source code distribution. It applies our COVE software (see below) with a carefully built tRNA covariance model, while getting around COVE's speed limitations by using two tRNA finding programs from other research groups as fast first-pass scanners (Fichant and Burks' tRNAscan, and an implementation of an algorithm from A. Pavesi's group). User's Guide for the current release, in hypertext Man page for the current release, in hypertext You might also want to compare an alternative tRNA scanner, the pol3scan Web server from the Pavesi group.

Mitochondrial disorders Mitochondrial disorders Alliance of Genetic Support Groups Current Directory Family Village Disability-Related Resources National organizations with information on genetic conditions or birth defects - variety of resources Professional Genetics Societies Genetic clinics, centers, departments

Index: What is Leigh's Disease? Symptoms of Leigh's disease, a rapidly progressive disorder, usually begin between the ages of 3 months and 2 years. PROGNOSIS: The prognosis for individuals with Leigh's disease is poor. Occasionally, patients may live to be 6 or 7 years of age and a few patients have survived to the mid-teenage years. RESEARCH: The NINDS supports and encourages a broad range of basic and clinical research on neurogenetic disorders such as Leigh's disease. This article, available from a medical library, may provide more in-depth information on Leigh's disease: van Erven, P, Cillessen, J, Eekhoff, E, Gabreels, F, Doesburg, W, Lemmens, W, Sloof, J, Renier, W, and Ruitenbeek, W. "Leigh Syndrome, a Mitochrondrial Encephalo(myo)pathy." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 89:4; 217-230 (1987).

(UI: 91093041) Abstract: ATP concentrations in the perfused rat liver during normoxic perfusion, transient ischemia, and recovery from transient ischemia were measured using the modified 31P cryo-NMR method (Chance, B., Nakase, Y., Bond, M., Leigh, J. S., Jr. (UI: 91074611) Abstract: Cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with lacticacidemia were incubated with glucose for 1 h and the lactate and pyruvate production measured. (UI: 91127082) Abstract: A case of Leigh's disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy) is reported with such noteworthy features as early onset, dystonia, paraparesis the presence of low attenuation areas in both basal ganglias on computerized tomography of the brain and the presence of a high signal intensity in both basal ganglias in T2 weighted image by MR. In contrast, the PDH E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits in two fibroblast cell lines from Leigh's syndrome patients appeared to be normal as judged by 1) enzyme activity, 2) mRNA Northern blot, 3) genomic DNA Southern blot, and 4) immunoblot analyses indicating that the lactic acidosis seen in these patients did not result from a single defect in either of these E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits of the PDH complex. (UI: 90247243) Abstract: MR studies were correlated with biochemical results in nine children who presented with lactic acidosis and/or abnormal MR findings in the basal ganglia. (UI: 90195860) Abstract: MR studies were correlated with biochemical results in nine children who presented with lactic acidosis and/or abnormal MR findings in the basal ganglia.

Symptoms may also occur because of lack of blood flow to an area of the brain (ischemia), compression or distortion of brain tissue by large AVMs, or abnormal brain development in the area of the malformation. Symptoms: headache sudden and severe localized or general resembles migraine headache in some cases vomiting that occurs with headache vision changes decreased vision double vision blurred vision seizures partial (focal) seizure generalized tonic-clonic seizure muscle weakness, any part of the body decreased sensation, any part of the body mental status change sleepy, stuporous, lethargic confused, disoriented irritability stiff neck Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease: speech impairment smell, impaired movement, dysfunctional fainting facial paralysis eyelid drooping ear noise/buzzing dizziness consciousness, decreased Because symptoms do not usually appear until serious complications such as bleeding occur, arteriovenous malformation is often an emergency condition requiring immediate hospitalization and treatment. Very large AVM may allow enough short-circuit blood flow to cause cardiac decompensation (where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to compensate for bleeding in the brain). Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if severe headache with vomiting, seizures, muscle weakness, numbness of parts of the body, or other symptoms of arteriovenous malformation occur. [Alternative names] [Definition] [Causes, incidence, and risk factors] [Prevention] [Symptoms] [Signs and tests] [Treatment] [Expectations (prognosis)] [Complications] [Calling your health care provider]

Our research is devoted to the study of inborn errors of metabolism in man that result in the syndrome of chronic childhood lacticacidemia. These inborn errors involve defects in the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase, defects in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and defects in the control of mitochondrial and cytosolic redox states. Our approach to this group of inherited defects is at four levels: Definition of defective enzymes in cultured skin fibroblasts derived from patients with chronic lacticacidemia Documentation of the effects of the individual lesions on the overall metabolism of the cell Definition of condition of the mutant or altered enzyme protein in molecular terms. Isolation of cDNA clones of important genes involved in this lacticacidemia syndrome, elucidation of gene structure and gene expression control. Sequencing of mtDNA in affected patients is also carried out in patients where maternal inheritance of the defect is suspected for all three complexes and complex V, the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase. Tatuch, Y., Christodoulou, J., Feigenbaum, A., Clarke, J.T.R., Wherret, J., Smith, C., Rudd, N., Petrova-Benedict, R. and Robinson, B.H. (1992) Am.

The prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH], the most common benign neoplasm in older men, increases progressively as men age. Less than 10% of men aged 40 years have hyperplastic tissues documented by histopathology. But by age 80 years, 80% have BPH," explained Wayne J. G. Hellstrom, MD, Associate Professor of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans. Dr Lewis discussed a recent Veterans Affairs study of BPH patients with moderate-to-severe symptoms who were randomized to surgical treatment or watchful waiting. Some 3.4% of the patients developed urethral stricture following TURP and required further treatment, mostly urethral dilatation; 3.4% developed bladder neck contracture because of scarring that occurred following surgery, and these patients needed further intervention. The doubling time for the development of macroscopic BPH to clinical BPH is approximately 4 1/2 years in men aged from 30 to 50 years.

Please check the synonyms listed below to find other names for this specific disorder. If you order the full text version of this report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support. This is the most current information that NORD has available at this time. Deficiency of COX may be limited (localized) to the tissues of the skeletal muscles or may affect several tissues, such as the heart, kidney, liver, brain, and/or connective tissue (fibroblasts); in other cases, the COX deficiency may be generalized (systemic). In the second type of the disease, known as COX Deficiency Type Infantile Mitochondrial Myopathy, because the COX deficiency affects tissues of the skeletal muscles as well as several other tissues, the disorder may be characterized by a generalized weakness of skeletal muscles (myotonia), abnormalities of the heart and kidneys, and/or abnormally high levels of lactic acid in the blood (lactic acidosis). 1469 Metabolic Information Network (for physicians and researchers only) Calls are taken from Physicians and Researchers only.

Current research interests focus on three major areas: frontal cortex and emotion, neurotoxicity of beta-carbolines and ethanol, and neuronal transplants. These connections help generate various autonomic responses during emotion (heart pounding, palms sweating, stomach churning, etc. The effect of frontal lesions on conditioned emotional responses in rats has previously been studied in Dr. Beta-carbolines are naturally occurring compounds that bear a striking structural resemblance to the neurotoxin MPTP. MPTP causes selective destruction of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain, the same deficit found in Parkinson's disease, a common neurological disorder. Neafsey is working in collaboration with Dr. Neafsey has been studying the "functional capacity" of neurons in such transplants using single unit recording techniques.

Date DS, Mar EY, Bugola MR, Teroka JK Muscle and Nerve 19(3):350-354, 1996 Electrodiagnostic findings of fibrillations and positive sharp waves in the lumbosacral paraspinals in patients without previous back surgery have been generally considered to be abnormal, consistent with posterior rami denervation. It has been shown in clinical studies that strength decreases with age and with that recruitment of motor units;, they have shown that physical training in older individuals provides more efficient muscle fiber recruitment than in younger individuals. We can observe five types of muscle weakness clinically; (1) local muscle weakness: this usually refers to destruction of myofibrils and the contractile elements of striated musculature. (3) The third type of muscle weakness is neurogenic weakness. (5) The fifth type of muscle weakness is tightness weakness which is due to a long standing pathological state of a muscle from overuse and a faulty movement (and/or recruitment) patterns. Perhaps this experiment showed normal variants, perhaps it showed changes secondary to aging or perhaps these patients had one of the above types of muscle weakness causing increased myofibrillar activity.

Most people, under certain conditions, may have a seizure if sleep deprived or withdrawing from alcohol or benzodiazapines, especially if in addition they are taking medications which decrease the seizure threshold (eg. An adult with a single seizure has a 30 - 40% chance of recurrence. Those with a distinct epileptiform abnormality on the EEG as opposed to non specific abnormalities, have an increased probability of having further seizures after a single seizure. Those individuals who have a second seizure should be considered to have epilepsy. When a single seizure was related to alcohol withdrawal, individuals may be considered earlier if they have a normal EEG and neuroimaging and psychosocial and biochemical evidence is presented that their alcoholism is in a continuing "recovery phase. Those who have had a seizure while on tricyclic anti-depressant drugs or other seizure enhancing medications must be considered more prone to seizures than the average population.

kko@cidmv1.wustl.edu David Grosof, PhD, Adjunct Research Scientist Usher's syndrome is an inherited degenerative condition that accounts for over half of all cases of combined hereditary deafness and blindness. The condition causes the loss of sensory cells in the eye as well as in the inner ear. Recent work, including work at CID, has brought to light several promising mouse models of Usher's that make it possible to study isolated effects. David Grosof, PhD, Adjunct Research Scientist CID scientists are studying the nature and mechanisms of responses in the brain to deprivation of visual information. David Grosof, PhD, Adjunct Research Scientist Knowledge of central nervous system changes following sensory loss can be most effectively used if we understand how auditory and visual information is represented. Pioneering work at CID by Drs. P.K. Kuhl and J.D. Miller showed that chinchillas form categories of speech sounds, and exhibit category boundaries on the voice-onset time continuum that are strikingly similar to those in humans.

DEMENTIA - Home Support Services provided by Home and Community Care for Home Support SERVICES PROVIDED Following is a list of services provided under the Home and Community Care Program: home help (cleaning, washing, help with banking); personal care (bathing and dressing); home maintenance (lawn mowing); respite care home modification; food services (meals in centres, Meals on Wheels, help with shopping); Transport; community paramedical (physiotherapy, podiatry); community nursing. The range of services available in your region is listed in the local service directory which is available from the Carer Organisation or Alzheimer's Association. RESPITE CARE Carers often need a break. For longer periods of respite, in a nursing home or hostel, you will need to contact your Aged Care Assessment team (ACAT). New South Wales(02) 9805 0100 Victoria(03) 9818 3022 Queensland(07) 3857 4043 Western Australia(09) 388 2800 South Australia(08) 372 2100 Tasmania(002) 348 884 Northern Territory(089) 413 963 TELECOM AGE PAGE COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND FAMILY SERVICES The Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services in your State or Territory can also give you more information.

     When your body's natural good bacteria levels are depleted bad bacteria may gain a foothold. However, if your eating yogurt as a method for re-establishing your bacteria balance there is no way to tell how much good bacteria you're getting. Acidophilus supplements, such as PB 8 Pro-Biotic Acidophilus, offer a concentrated form of good bacteria.      L acidophilus also destroys problem-causing bacteria through the creation of acidophilin, a natural antibiotic.      Studies show acidophilus has been helpful in the treatment of yeast infections, herpes simplex I and II, acne, mouth ulcers and travelers' diarrhea. These specially selected bacteria are protected from destructive stomach acids by a special coating applied by our unique production method Eight strains of friendly bacteria.

Measurement of the interstitial muscle glucose and lactate concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test. M., M[umlaut]uller, Holm[umlaut]ang A., Andersson O. K., Eichler H. G., L[diaeresis]onnroth P. Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Austria Key words: Skeletal muscle, glucose metabolism, microdialysis, muscle blood flow To study the relationship between the blood flow rate and the muscle metabolism muscle microdialysis was performed in nine human subjects (F/M = 5/4) after an oral glucose load (75 g). Two microdialysis probes were inserted in the medial femoral muscle for estimation of glucose and lactate concentrations in the interstitial fluid, and the muscle blood flow was measured concomitantly with strain-gauge plethysmography. After fasting over night glucose concentration in arterial plasma and interstitial fluid was 4.6+/-0.13 vs 3.8+/-0.23 mmol/l (p&LT0.05) and the corresponding lactate concentrations 0.60+/-0.07 vs 0.83+/-0.07 mmol/l (p&LT0.05). The arterial -interstitial concentration differences of glucose increased after oral glucose (at 0' 0.73+/-0.24 vs 2.19+/-0.60 mmol/l at 90' (p&LT 0.001) The corresponding values for lactate were -0.23+/-0.10 at 0' vs -0.26+/-0.18 mmol/l at 90', (n. s.).

Coenzyme Q10 and exercise performance Coenzyme Q10 and exercise performance There are many anecdotal reports concerning performance enhancement or attenuation of fatigue with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Goldfarb A. Title: Effects of coenzyme athletic performance system as an ergogenic aid on endurance performance to exhaustion. Abstract This study examined the effects of the Coenzyme Athletic Performance System (CAPS) on endurance performance to exhaustion. Abstract The effects of dietary supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a reputed performance enhancer and antioxidant, on physiological and biochemical parameters were examined.

  The Hopedale Medical Complex and Midwest Vascular Institute is the first facility in Central Illinois to establish an OPEN MRI service. OPEN MRI means no long tunnels or narrow tubes. The OPEN MRI at Hopedale Medical Complex and Midwest Vascular Institute allows extra comfort and a clear view of one's surroundings in all directions. Compared to traditional MRI, OPEN MRI is generally a much more pleasant experience for the patient and allows various techniques not possible in a standard MRI scanner. Using radio frequency and sophisticated computers, MRI allows us to see very clearly inside the human body without the use of x-rays. An Anesthesiologist is available to provide the necessary medications to insure a pleasant and safe MRI experience.

In the cold ischemia (CI) groups, the lungs were immediatly flushed in situ with EuroCollins solution (ECS) (100ml/kg) at 4ºC. Mitochondria were isolated from fresh-flushed lungs (control), or from lungs submitted to 24 hr of CI, 48 hr of CI or 30 min of WI. The respiratory parameters were determined on isolated mitochondria by in vitro measurement of oxygen consumption rates with ketoglutarate and pyruvate as oxydable substrates: (1) respiration rate in the presence (V_{3}) or in the absence (V_{4}) of externally added ADP; (2) respiratory control (RC) given by the ratio V_{3}/V_{4}; (3) respiration rate when the ATP synthase is blocked by oligomycin (V_{Olig}); (4) respiration rate in the presence of uncoupler FCCP (V_{FCCP}); (5) uncoupled respiratory control (URC) given by the ratio V_{FCCP}/V_{Olig}; (6) the yield of the oxidative phosphorylation i.e. the number of moles of ADP phosporylated by Atg of oxygen consumed (ADP/O). Results: Related to control, 24 hr of CI promoted decreases of V_{FCCP}, V_{3}, V_{4},RC, URC and V_{Olig}. Related to 24 hr of CI, 48 hr of CI did not promote modifications in V_{FCCP}, URC and V_{Olig}, but induced a RC decrease due to V_{4} increase and V_{3} decrease. 30 min of WI induced decreases of V_{3}, V_{4}, V_{FCCP}, V_{Olig} and no change in RC, URC and ADP/O, pointing out no impairing in the oxidative phosphorylation.

Analysis of rRNA genes in the genus Aspergillus Genetic regulation of the arginine metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans Yeast nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial RNA metabolism Ewa Bartnik The evolution of repetitive sequences is an interesting phenomenon, as it allows the study of the processes which are active in the evolution of all genes. For ITS1 and ITS2 (located between 18S rRNA and 5.8S rRNA sequences and 5.8S rRNA sequences and 26S rRNA, respectively) we have again found practically identical sequences for A. awamori and A. wentii and a high degree of homology to the A. nidulans ITS1 and ITS2 sequences -58 and 80%, respectively. We have also analyzed the number of 5S gene and pseudogene sequences in the A. nidulans genome in order to check how many of these are there, as we wished to know what fraction of the genomic sequences we had analyzed in our sequence of 9 genes and 3 pseudogenes. Sequencing of the promoter of the argB gene which codes for the ornithine carbamoyltransferase revealed several sequences which had been found in yeast genes and are recognized by the GCN4 protein. The gene has been sequenced, its promoter contains several sequences which are characteristic for the promoters controlled by the creA protein (regulator of carbon catabolite repression) and does not contain sequences recognized by the areA gene, the main regulator of the nitrogen metabolism in Aspergillus.

A 62 year old man with residual right hemiparesis from a remote cerebrovascular accident, fell onto a hard floor taking much of the impact on his chin. Although he has a history of seizures, he was adamant that he tripped over his cane and at no time lost consciousness. Examination confirmed tenderness over both temporomandibular joints and markedly restricted mouth opening. To view the answer 3: Which of the following options provides the most appropriate management ? D. Resection of one condylar head and replace with graft, followed by early mobilization. To view the answer REFERENCES Calloway D.M, Anton M.A, Jacobs J.S. Changing concepts and controversies in the management of mandibular fractures.

Cost-utility analysis using a computerized model of the progression of diabetic eye disease and data from previously published epidemiologic studies and multicentre clinical trials. Patients who were diagnosed with retinopathy or macular edema from data derived from published clinical trials were assigned treatment outcomes of laser photocoagulation compared with no treatment. The cost per QALY for detecting and treating diabetic retinopathy ranged from $1996 for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to $3530 for patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who do not require insulin. For all patients with diabetes mellitus, the cost per QALY was $3190. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (1), a multicentre randomised trial, convincingly showed that tight glycaemic control substantially reduced the progression of retinopathy related to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, both in patients who had not developed retinopathy (primary prevention) and in patients who already had mild retinopathy (secondary prevention). First, they analysed how ophthalmologic screening and the treatment of diabetic retinopathy influenced the quality of life of patients with sight-threatening retinopathy.

Welcome, those seeking graphics images of DNA! PovChem is available! Finally I've got some new pictures up - check out the tail end of this gallery to see some ancient Celtic DNA, and some old childhood favorite toys! So, I've decided to make this gallery as a way to satisfy that need and to demonstrate my PovChem program that combines molecular models and raytracing - POVRay - hence the name. I have written a program I call PovChem, which is what I used to make all the actual DNA molecules in this gallery. Various pages that have some relevance to mine: POVRay's homepage POVRay's Users page Rare Genetic Diseases In Children - An Internet Resource Gateway Yahoo's Computer Art index The Ray Tracing Home Page DNA Renga Museum Denis Olivier's Povlab and Art Gallery Akira Sasaki's JAPAPOV page

Background: Cisplatin accumulation is decreased in many cisplatin- resistant cells. An active efflux pump for cisplatin exists in cisplatin-resistant human epidermoid carcinoma cells (called KB cells). A previous study has suggested that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent glutathione S-conjugate export pump (GS-X pump), which exports the bis-(glutathionato)-platinum (II) (GS-platinum) complex, could contribute to cellular resistance to cisplatin. Purpose: In this study, we examined whether the active efflux pump for cisplatin in the cisplatin-resistant KB cells is the GS-X pump and tested its activity by using an endogenous substrate, [[super 3]H]leukotriene C[sub 4] ([[super 3]H]LTC[sub 4]). Methods: Membrane vesicles were prepared from KB-3-1 (clone from parental KB cells) cells and from cisplatin-resistant KCP-4 (a mutant clone derived from KB-3-1 cells) cells. Using a filtration technique, we measured the uptake and transport of [[super 3]H]LTC[sub 4], a substrate for the GS-X pump, into membrane vesicles at 37 degrees C. Results: The uptake of [[super 3]H]LTC[sub 4] in the membrane vesicles from both the KB-3-1 and KCP-4 cells was ATP-dependent.

The Leigh's Center for Children has changed its name. Our commitment has not changed, and neither has our physical location, but recognizing the breadth of our mission, please note our new name is: and the new URL is: Please update your bookmarks.

Biull Eksp Biol Med 1990 Oct;110(10):384-6 (Published in Russian) It is known that endogenic nicotinamide has a tranquilizing and stress-protective activity. The present investigations show the nootropic effect of this drug and its analogs nicomorpholine and acethylnicotinate on acute models of hypoxia and amnesia. The present results revealed that the observed nootropic activity of nicotinamide and its analogs is more expressed than this of piracetam, pyritinol and meclofenoxate. Having in mind the similarity of pharmacological effects of piracetam and nicotinamide (antihypoxic, antiamnestic and anxiolytic) we try if these drugs have electronic-structure similarities. The analysis revealed some similarity of these drugs' molecules in relation to the composition and distribution of polar centres pi- and p-electronic areas) distance between them, topography of separate molecule parts.

The next few pages aim to give an overview of various types of drugs, drug usage, effects, dependency, risks of overdose (OD), risks to pregnant women, and legal status. Within each main section (Barbiturates, Opiates, etc. Dependence takes longer to develop, but after taking opiates regularly over a few months there are withdrawal symptoms when drug is stopped. The risk increases after a period of abstinence or when opiates are mixed with other drugs such as cocaine, barbiturates or alcohol. Opiates are prescription only medicine and most are controlled drugs (Class A or B, Schedule 2) which means that it is an offence to possess or sell the drug without a prescription or authority. Designed to suppress the coughing reflex, some drug users buy these drugs to help with withdrawal, while others will use them to supplement the effects of illicit drugs.

She is status post colectomy. Multiple small hypodense lesions are noted in the liver involving the posterior of right lobe and medial segment of left hepatic lobe. One 8 mm subcapsular lesion at the junction of medial segment of left lobe and anterior segment of right lobe shows possible enhancement. A heterogeneous 3x2cm soft tissue mass is noted just above the level of the vagina anterolateral to the rectal stump with clips in it. Moderate left hydroureteronephrosis with dilated ureter traced into the pelvis to the soft tissue mass in the cervical region. A well-defined fat plane is demonstrated between the posterior wall of the bladder and the mass located near the vault of the vagina.

This laboratory uses neuroanatomic methods to investigate serotonergic (and related) neuronal systems that may be involved in regulation of affective state, vigilance, and addiction. Serotonin neurons are of special interest due to the proposed role of 5-HT in affective disorders and drug >abuse. Projections from brain stem 5-HT neurons innervate all parts of the forebrain and may mediate the action of hallucinogenic drugs. O'Hearn, E. and Molliver, M.E. (1993) Degeneration of Purkinje cells in parasagittal zones of the cerebellar vermis after treatment with ibogaine or harmaline. Axt, K.J., L.A. Mamounas and M.E. Molliver (1994) Structural features of amphetamine neurotoxicity in the brain. O'Hearn, E., Zhang, P. and Molliver, M.E. (1995) Excitotoxic insult due to ibogaine leads to delayed induction of neuronal NOS in Purkinje cells, Neuro Report, 6.

Donna L. Neff, is concerned with obtaining a better understanding of auditory perception in listeners with normal hearing and in those with sensorineural hearing loss. The first major area of research focuses on how listeners process uncertain stimuli, that is, sounds which are unpredictable in various dimensions such as loudness or pitch. The goal is to understand how both signal (to-be-processed) and masker or context (to-be- ignored) uncertainty affect performance and how the two interact. 90, 1933-1943. 89, 1314-1323. (accepted, pending revisions).

MDA Evalution reports are published by the Medical Devices Agency, an Executive Agency of the Department of Health. They are available free of charge to the NHS, and are for sale to commercial organisations and other interested parties.

The CJD Surveillance Unit in Edinburgh has identified a distinctive brain pathology in some people with CJD that appears to be different from anything seen before. In 1989 a ban was put on CNS, tonsils and spleen from cattle aged over 6 months and thymus, intestines and vertebral columns of cattle of any age from entering the human or animal food chain (this is the Specified Bovine Offals ban or SBO). As 80% of cases of BSE have occurred in dairy cows isn't there any risk from drinking milk? It has not been possible to transmit the BSE agent from milk taken from affected cows so as far as anyone can judge there is no risk from milk. CJD is a very rare disease and is monitored by clinicians informally reporting cases to the CJD Surveillance Unit in Edinburgh. It is true that farmers as a group appear to have an excess number of cases of CJD. However, there are still only a very small number of them and the same excess has been seen in countries where there is no BSE.

The library: Books, journals, and popular print media relevant to the course material are in the Good Library, the Biology Reading Room, or the Chemistry Reading Room. Date Topic Chapter Jan 08 Introduction; Electronic resources 1, 2 10 Nucleic acids,protein structure and function 3 13 How Cells are studied 4 15 17 Protein function 5 20 NO CLASS 22 24 Genetic mechanisms 6 27 Recombinant DNA technology 7 29 31 Feb 03 The cell nucleus 8 05 07 Test 1 10 Control of gene expression 9 12 14 17 Membrane structure 10 19 21 Membrane transport 11 24 26 28 Intracellular compartments and protein sorting 12 Mar 03 05 07 Test 2 17 Vesicular traffic 13 19 21 Energy conversion 14 24 26 28 NO CLASS 31 Cell signaling 15 Apr 02 04 The cytoskeleton 16 07 09 11 The cell cycle 17 14 16 18 Test 3 21 The mechanics of cell division 18 20 Exam, (self-scheduled oral exam) 22 Chromatography, Electrophoresis 27 DNA technology 29 Feb 03 Molecular analysis via Web Resources 05 10 Enzyme activity (tyrosinase) 12 17 19 24 Photosynthesis 26 Mar 03 Lab project, PROPOSAL DUE 05 17 19 24 26 31 Apr 02 Project reports 07 Cell culture 09 14 Cell culture 16 21 Project reports, LAB CLEANUP See an Online Lab Manual or one from the lab book shelf and choose an activity to develop as a lab project. keeps a complete record of lab activities in a lab notebook prepares in advance by reading handouts and background materials asks questions for clarification prior to activity plans and organizes activity prior to starting uses time, space and material efficiently cooperates readily in group activities observes personal and class results carefully minimizes activities which interfere with others promptly cleans up work area and equipment promptly and properly disposes of used material reports low supplies or malfunctions in equipment contributes to orderly arrangement of the lab Activities, skill, & knowledge Final Grade 3 tests 30% 90% = A Lab book 25% 80% = B Lab technique & participation 15% 70% = C Report 10% 60% = D Participation in discussions 10% <60% = F Final exam 10%

Title: Decreased activity of the pyruvate translocator and changes in the lipid composition in heart mitochondria from hypothyroid rats. Source: Arch Biochem Biophys 1989 Mar;269(2):595-602 Abstract: A study of the transport of pyruvate in heart mitochondria from normal and hypothyroid rats has been carried out. Heart mitochondria from hypothyroid rats translocate pyruvate via the alpha-cyanocinnamate sensitive carrier much more slowly than do mitochondria from normal rats. The lower activity of the pyruvate translocator in mitochondria from hypothyroid rats is associated with a parallel decrease of the rate of pyruvate supported oxygen uptake. There is, however, no difference in either the respiratory control ratios or in the ADP/O ratios between these two types of mitochondria. It is suggested that the decreased activity of the pyruvate translocator in heart mitochondria from hypothyroid rats can be ascribed to changes in the lipid environment which surrounds the pyruvate carrier molecule in the mitochondrial membrane Major Indexes: Carrier Proteins [metabolism] Hypothyroidism [metabolism] Membrane Lipids [metabolism] Mitochondria, Heart [metabolism] Phospholipids [metabolism] Pyruvates [metabolism] Minor Indexes: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Intracellular Membranes [physiology] Kinetics Membrane Potentials Oxygen Consumption Rats, Inbred Strains Rats Reference Values Reagent Names: 0 (pyruvate transport protein) 0 (Carrier Proteins) 0 (Membrane Lipids) 0 (Phospholipids) 0 (Pyruvates) Language: English

 This site is still under construction MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is a technique for producing images of biological material of remarkable clarity, by measuring regional variations in proton density.  It works on the principle that atomic nuclei (those nuclei which contain an odd number of protons, neutrons or both) emit measurable radio signals when placed in a magnetic field and stimulated by a particular radio frequency.  Atomic nuclei including the hydrogen nucleus, the most abundant element in the body, possess the quantum characteristic called spin, and have associated with them angular momentum, and a magnetic moment.  Atomic nuclei therefore behave like a spinning magnetic gyroscope.  Protons are normally orientated randomly, but when placed in a strong magnetic field they align with or against the field, and are said to be in a state of magnetisation.  If the magnetised protons are deflected away from the direction of the magnetic field by a suitable radio frequency (RF) pulse, they do not immediately return to a state of equilibrium; instead they precess, or rotate in ever decreasing circles around the direction of the magnetic field, and in doing so emit a detectable NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) signal before returning to a state of equilibrium. University of Cambridge      Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre   University of Cambridge Clinical School  Whole Brain Atlas  Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Hosptial MR Page  MRI tutor (University of Florida) Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Lab at University of Illinois  The Visible Human Project (If you press this button, you will vote for my homepage. [Search for a homepage or set up your own homepage] [EUROPE@HOME index of all inhabitants] [YELLOW INTERNET homepage]

Impaired healing of skin wounds and slow recovery after peripheral nerve injury are two other problems of immense clinical relevance which result in increased morbidity, and contribute to the increasing prevalence of chronic pain in older people. It is now widely accepted that a particular set of nerves, known as sensory nerves, normally respond to injury by sending messages to the central nervous system to trigger pain perception with subsequent protective responses. Our recent studies have examined age-related changes in the function of sensory nerves, and in particular have focused on the role of sensory peptides in modulating wound healing, chronic pain and the interaction between b-amyloid protein and sensory neurotransmitters. We had already previously documented specific age-related changes in sensory nerve function and begun to consider the relationship between deficiencies in sensory nerve function and poor healing qualities with age. In our studies examining the mechanisms underlying chronic pain, we were successful in combining functional behavioural and morphological techniques to study the changes in sensory nerve function after nerve injury. Recently we started a collaborative study with Dr Sandra Rees, Department of Anatomy, The University of Melbourne, to investigate morphological changes in sensory nerves with age and after nerve injury using light and electron microscopy techniques.

Title: A tRNA(Lys) mutation in the mtDNA is the causal genetic lesion underlying myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber (MERRF) syndrome [see comments] Author(s): Noer AS; Sudoyo H; Lertrit P; Thyagarajan D; Utthanaphol P; Kapsa R; Byrne E; Marzuki S Address: Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Source: Am J Hum Genet 1991 Oct;49(4):715-22 Abstract: Skeletal muscle mtDNA of three patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, characterized clinically by myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber (MERRF) syndrome, has been sequenced to determine the underlying molecular defect(s). An A-to-G substitution of nt 8344 in the tRNA(Lys) gene, a substitution suggested to be associated with MERRF encephalomyopathy, was detected in these patients. Abnormal patterns of mitochondrial translation products were observed in the skeletal muscle of patients, consistent with the expected consequential defect in protein synthesis. The genealogical studies of the three patients, as well as mtDNA from one published MERRF patient and from nine other normal and disease controls, revealed that the tRNA(Lys) mutations in the MERRF patients have arisen independently. These observations provided evidence that the base substitution is a causal mutation for MERRF Major Indexes: DNA, Mitochondrial [genetics] Epilepsy, Myoclonic [genetics] Muscular Diseases [genetics] Mutation [genetics] RNA, Transfer, Lys [genetics] Minor Indexes: Adult Base Sequence Cloning, Molecular Middle Age Mitochondria, Muscle [metabolism] Molecular Sequence Data Muscles [pathology] Nucleic Acid Conformation Syndrome Variation (Genetics) Reagent Names: 0 (DNA, Mitochondrial) 0 (RNA, Transfer, Lys) Language: English

Previous work has shown that for some cells the response to a properly oriented bar of light becomes attenuated when the bar extends beyond the receptive field, a phenomenon known as end-inhibition (or length tuning). Analogously, it has been shown that increasing the number of cycles of a drifting grating stimulus may also inhibit the firing of some cells, an effect known as side-inhibition (or width tuning). Results from 82 cells show that the strengths of end- and side-inhibition tend to be correlated. Some cells exhibit only end- or side-inhibition, but not both. Data for 28 binocular cells show that length and width tuning curves for the dominant and nondominant eyes tend to be closely matched. To obtain these data, the excitatory receptive field was stimulated with a grating patch having optimal orientation, spatial frequency, and size, whereas the end- or side-inhibitory regions were stimulated with patches of gratings that had a variable parameter (such as orientation).

Please order via e-mail or call our Development office at 212-741-6067 for more information and discount pricing. Hearing Tests Going On Inside 114 Assistive Listening Devices for Individuals 115 Ways to Use Your Hearing Aid with the Telephone 116 Everything You Need to Know About Batteries 119 Why People Won't Wear Hearing Aids 201 What Parents Should Know About Hearing Loss 202 The Care of Hearing Aids 203 The Hearing Impaired Child at Home 205 Testing the Hearing of Infants and Young Children 206 Early Intervention for Hearing-Impaired Infants 207 You & Your Hearing-Impaired Child 208 Use of Residual Hearing: The Detection Factor 209 Teaching H-I Children to Use the Telephone 301 Tinnitus 302 Conductive Hearing Loss 303 Dizziness 304 Fluid In The Ear 305 Ear Wax 306 Airplane Travel & The Ear 404 FM Auditory Training Systems as an Educational Tool 407 Microphone Technique 501 Introduction To Speechreading 502 Communicating In Difficult Listening Situations 505 Communication with Hearing-Impaired Consumer 510 Telecoils & Telephones 602 Update - Assistive Listening Systems In NY Area Theatres 603 Intro to Assistive Listening Systems & Devices & ADA 604 Assistive Listening Systems & Devices & the ADA VIDEOTAPES 630 I See What You're Saying (2 -Volume Set) $127 631 I See What You're Saying (Volume 1) $90 632 I See What You're Saying (Volume 2) $50 633 I See What You're Saying Handbooks (12) $17 640 Assessment of Adult Speechreading Ability $70 660 Stop That Noise!

Thu, 10 Apr 1997 18:45:28 +0000 Messages sorted by: [ date ][ thread ][ subject ][ author ] Next message: Kimberly Endicott: "Re: SCANS AND DIAGNOSES" Previous message: Kimberly Endicott: "Re: just curious about artists" At 05:43 PM 4/10/97 +0000, you wrote: >12 lbs. am now 5'3" and 100 lbs) The doctor finally agreed that it might be >the dilantin, and I am being phased onto depakote. When I was on dilantin only I began having problems with my gums and spoke Went back on dilantin UNTIL I began speaking with folks in one of the appointments your doctor may set up for you to monitor the depakote level in

Policy governing the use of growth hormone (GH) therapy has shifted from treating only those children with classic growth hormone deficiency to treating short children to improve their psychosocial functioning. Treatment of non-GH- deficient children is justified on the grounds that short children are socialized according to height rather than chronologic age: it is said that they are stigmatized by deviant appearance and have low self-esteem, poor academic achievement, and poor social skills. They compared 258 endocrinology patients (180 boys and 78 girls) between the ages of 4 and 18 years, whose height was in the fifth percentile or lower, with normative and psychiatric subjects. Children 11 to 18 years of age completed a Youth Self Report (YSR), which was comparable to the CBC. Children between 8 and 12 years of age and adolescents between 13 and 18 completed a Self-Perception Profile (SPP), which contained domain-specific judgments of their competence and a global evaluation of their self-esteem. The YSR responses of short boys were similar to the normative group except that short boys viewed their athletic skills more positively and their working abilities less favorably than the normative group. This may negatively affect girls: since they gain height earlier in life than boys, delay in treatment may compromise their growth potential when bona fide growth disorders exist.

Previous studies have shown that when high frequency (30-50 Hz) current pulses were used to directly stimulate vestibular efferent neurons, 60-80% of canal afferent spike rates were either facilitated or inhibited (Bernard et al. Responses to five paradigms (visual following, VOR in dark, VOR in light, enhanced VOR and suppressed VOR) were evaluated for each cell. 20/80 P cell SS and CS encoded head velocity during VOR suppression with the same on directions as their eye velocity modulation. We conclude that floccular v-zone P cells display a continuum of firing behavior which is determined by the relative weights of eye velocity, head velocity, and visual inputs. The two extremes of the population are pure eye velocity (eye in head) and pure gaze velocity (eye in space) cells. In particular, the nodulus appears to be required for the normal response to at least two types of vestibular test that presumably involve velocity storage: the generation of steady-state (bias) eye velocity during off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR), and the tilt-induced shortening of the vestibular time constant during post-rotatory nystagmus (PRN).

The clear front window to the eye. It is the most important part of the focusing system of the eye and brings objects into focus on the retina. The space between the cornea and the iris which is filled with fluid aqueous. A clear biconvex structure behind the iris which works in conjunction with the cornea to focus light onto the retina. The vital thin layer of tissue composed of millions of visual cells which lines the inside back two-thirds of the eye. "We hope you have learned more about the retina and vitreous and some of the commonly seen eye diseases.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is a hereditary disorder marked by slowly progressive muscle weakness in the feet, lower legs, hands and forearms, and a mild loss of sensation in limbs, fingers, and toes. The weakness results from the degeneration of nerves that stimulate muscle rather than from a degenerative process in the muscle tissue itself. It also means that this parent will have the disease, although he or she might be unaware of it if the disorder is very mild with no apparent symptoms. In some cases, nerve and muscle biopsies may be done to enable the physician to confirm the diagnosis, especially when symptoms are very mild and family history of the disease is not apparent. Scientists are exploring the basic areas of nerve function, development, degeneration, and of nerve muscle interaction to uncover the underlying pathological process in Charcot-Marie -Tooth disease. Fundamental defects of lipid (fat) metabolism have been found in several inherited neuromuscular diseases that are clinically similar to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and the possibility that this abnormality may also be of significance in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease under investigation.

In patients with New York Heart Association Class III or IV cardiomyopathy a randomized study involved treatment with 100 mg of Co-Q-10 or placebo. In 80 patients studied at the Scott and White Clinic in Temple, Texas a significant improvement was noted in 89% of such patients. In one clinical study of 18 patients with periodontal disease patients received either placebo or Co-Q-10. In one study, 120mg per day of Co-Q-10 was given to 39 patients with diabetes. He apparently bases this on one anecdotal report and on a paper published by Lockwood et al.2 In the latter publication, 32 patients with "high-risk" breast cancer received Co-Q-10 at a dose of 90 mg per day in conjunction with anti- oxidants (beta carotene 58 mg, vitamin C 2.8 grams, vitamin E 2500 units, selenium 385 micrograms), linolenic acid 1.2 grams, and n-3 fatty acids 3.5 grams. The authors mention 2 patients who received increased dosages of Co-Q-10 and give case reports.

Zanaflex has been approved as an oral treatment for muscle spasticity. It is indicated for the management of increased muscle tone associated with spasticity, a condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS) causing muscle stiffness and rigidity. Spasticity can occur as a result of many CNS disorders, particularly multiple sclerosis ad spinal cord injury. In double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies Zanaflex was shown to provide significant relief of spasticity symptoms without causing muscle weakness, which can leave patients unable to perform normal daily activities. Spasticity is an abnormal increase in involuntary muscle tone caused by damage to the CNS and is characterized by painful muscle spasms as well as muscle stiffness and rigidity. Advanced spasticity, in the worst cases, can leave patients bed-ridden and unable to move without assistance.

The rationale has been that CFIDS is a free radical disease involving damaged mitochondria. My suspicion that chronic fatigue was a free radical disease involving mitochondria was because of the beneficial effect of massive doses of vitamin C. I was using the massive doses of vitamin C not for the vitamin C but for the electrons carried by the vitamin C. Ordinarily, when a vitamin C molecule gives up its two extra electrons to scavenge two free radicals, the vitamin C is refueled with two more electrons from the mitochondria. ) Not incidentally, a major function of the mitochondria is to provide electrons in the form of ATP to the muscles. The mitochondria are damaged by either viruses, bacteria (sometimes cell wall deficient bacteria, L-forms), yeast toxins, sensitivity to chemicals (including some drugs), allergic reactions, etc. Fee radicals from a damaged mitochondria damage adjacent mitochondria and cause them to produce more free radicals. This more effective amelioration is because replacing the mitochondria function of providing the electrons for free radical scavenging gets more at the basic pathological processes in the disease and it helps protect the mitochondria so they can try to repair themselves.

Cytoplasmic Organells Cell membrane(plasma membrane, plasmalemma) 8-10nm thick, trilaminar structure in EM, unit membrane. RNA(60%) and protein(40%) responsible for the basophilia, known as basophilic body, ergastoplasm, Nissl body. Free in the cytoplasm or attached to the membrane(RER) Polysome(polyribosome) consisted of 3-30 or more ribosomes held together by a slender filament(messenger RNA). Free ribosomes synthesized the protein for intracellular use, attached ribosomes associated with synthesis of protein for export. Granular(rough) ER studied with ribosomes, usually arranged in the form of flattened cisternae stacked in parallel, are abundant in secretory cells. Agranular(smooth) ER lacks ribosomes, usually vesicula, concerned with steroid synthesis.

of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 An infant girl (JD) was assessed as having a mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss in her left ear and a moderate-to-severe sensorineural loss in her right ear, based on results of auditory brain-stem response (ABR) at age 3 months and soundfield testing at 4, 5, and 9 months (Better ear PTA=55 dB HL). JD was fitted with hearing aids binaurally. She had recurrent otitis media, but tympanometry and other evidence weigh against middle ear problems as the cause of her hearing loss. A follow-up ABR at 13 months revealed JD to have normal hearing, a result confirmed by audiometric testing of her unaided hearing thresholds (PTA=10 dB HL). The implication is that, between ages 9 and 13 months, JD's hearing improved to normal levels, possibly as a result of delayed maturation of the peripheral auditory tracts. Early detection of hearing loss may reveal more children like JD who have sensorineural losses that spontaneously remediate with development.

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Due to the spatial separation of these selectively permeable ionic channels, a net positive current flows extracellularly along the outside of the rod from the inner segment to the outer segment, enters the rod through the Na+-selective (and probably Cl- and Ca++ -selective) channels of the outer segment, and returns to the inner segment through the ciliary bridge. The Na+ influx into the outer segment during darkness is about l0 Na+ ions/rod/s in toad and frog rods. On the assumption that each of these Na+ channels has a conductance of about 60 x 10-15 , that the membrane potential is -40 mV, and that the reversal potential for Na ions is 0 mV, this would indicate that the 20-pA dark current is conducted through about S x l0 open ionic channels in the plasma membrane of the outer segment. These include the demonstration that cGMP can act on conductances in the plasma membrane (Fesenko, 1985; Nakatani and Yau, 1985), that cGMP injected into the outer segment increases the dark current, and that the injection of PDE evokes a change in the rod's dark current (and membrane potential) which mimics light. The statistical variation of the photon actually delivered per flash follows a Poisson distribution in which the probability of obtaining photons is related to the mean by: P(x = n) = (e-m mn)/n. Where P (x = n) is the probability that each flash will contain exactly n photons, given that the mean number is m. It can be shown that the variance of the number of flashes is equal to the mean for such a distribution and the standard deviation () is equal to the square root of the mean. When the rods were kept in absolute darkness for periods of several minutes, spontaneous photon-like responses were observed FIGURE 3 Horizontal cell membrane fluctuations during darkness and potential are shown during darkness (top trace) and background illumination (bottom trace) .

VITAMIN B2 OVERVIEW: Riboflavin, like thiamin, is crucial in the production of body energy. Thus riboflavin is pivotal both in the inner breathing of our cells where energy is produced and also in the quenching of the toxic exhausts of that inner, energy producing cell respiration. protects against anaemia : - Riboflavin and Iron deficiency not uncommonly occur at the same time in humans. And since riboflavin is believed to enhance Iron absorption, there may be some link, yet to be clearly demonstrated, between riboflavin deficiency and anaemia. A study needs to be done to see whether riboflavin supplementation will enhance red blood cell response to Iron treatment. Those at risk for riboflavin deficiency include alcoholics, the elderly who eat unbalanced diets, those on weight loss diets, those with hypothyroidism, users of boric acid or borate's which bind B2 (found in some eye products, mouthwashes and supplements; users of such medications as chlorpromazine, imipramine (Tofranil), amitriptyline (Elavil), the antimalarials chloroquine and quinacrine, the anti cancer drug doxorubicin and chronic users of soluble fibres such as psyllium (which also binds B2.

Trachoma is a 'quiet' disease. Because the disease is not fatal, some people are not concerned about it. In fact, the disease is so common in certain areas that people believe it is just a fact of life. Caused by a bacterium called chlamydia trachomatis, the disease is passed from child to child and child to mother within a family. In fact, three out of every four people blinded by trachoma are women. Even after the scarring begins, visual damage and pain from trachoma can be interrupted with a simple surgical procedure that reverses the inturned eyelashes.

Anabolic steroids are a class of chemically related substances similar to the steroid hormones produced naturally by the body, such as testosterone. These compounds are familiar to many performance athletes whether or not they have ever used them. In many athletes using steroids, lean muscle mass has been shown to increase beyond what can be attained through training and nutrition. Steroid use by athletes began in the 1950's and steadily increased through the middle 1980's. Then, word was that steroids were bad news. Many sports organizations began banning anabolic steroids in the 1970's. Most athletes remember the sad case of Canadian runner Ben Johnson and his expulsion from the 1988 Olympic Games for steroid use. The cardiovascular system can be affected by steroid-induced high blood pressure, increased insulin levels in the blood and a decrease in the "good" cholesterol, HDL. The reproductive system may undergo a significant decrease in sperm count, a decrease in testicular size and a reduction in testosterone levels.

As expertise with bone marrow transplantation has increased, this treatment has been applied to a wider variety of disorders, including some which do not primarily affect the bone marrow. At the University of Minnesota, within an NIH-funded program, we have performed bone marrow transplantation to treat significant numbers of patients with adrenoleukodystrophy, Hurler syndrome, and metachromatic leukodystrophy. These disorders are all characterized by progressive neurological deterioration with dementia, usually in infancy or childhood and all are caused by an inherited deficiency of a single enzyme. Bone marrow transplantation from a normal donor (either an unaffected sibling or family member or an HLA-matched unrelated donor) can provide replacement of the missing enzyme through the monocyte-phagocyte system. Patients show stabilization of mental ability after successful transplantation and those transplanted in the earliest stages of the disease actually demonstrate an improvement in mental abilities. In contrast to these encouraging outcomes, patients with the late infantile form of the disease who have been transplanted after the onset of significant neurological disease have continued to show neurological decline to the point of incapacitation.

Title: Antimitochondrial autoantibodies of primary biliary cirrhosis as a novel probe in the study of 2-oxo acid dehydrogenases in patients with mitochondrial myopathies. Source: J Neurol Sci 1990 Sep;98(2-3):185-93 Abstract: Autoantibodies present in the autoimmune disease primary biliary cirrhosis react by immunoblotting with four human skeletal muscle mitochondrial antigens of 70 kDa, 52 kDa, 50 kDa and 45 kDa, identified as the lipoate acetyl transferases (E2) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase, component X of E2 pyruvate dehydrogenase, E2 of 2-oxo glutarate dehydrogenase and E2 of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes respectively. These autoantibodies have been employed as a novel probe to study whether there is a defect in the synthesis of the 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes in patients with mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. The reactive antigens are present normally in four patients with oculomyopathy in whom partial deletions of the mtDNA have been detected, and in two patients with MERRF and MELAS encephalomyopathy. Thus, unlike in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there appear to be no regulatory interactions which coordinate the assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with the development of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which plays an important role in regulating the flow of metabolic intermediates to oxidative energy metabolism Major Indexes: Autoantibodies [diagnostic use] Ketone Oxidoreductases [metabolism] Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary [immunology] Mitochondria Multienzyme Complexes [metabolism] Muscular Diseases [enzymology] Minor Indexes: Acidosis, Lactic [enzymology] Brain Diseases [enzymology] Cerebrovascular Disorders [enzymology] Chronic Disease Mitochondria [immunology] [metabolism] Ophthalmoplegia [enzymology] Oxygen Consumption Reference Values Syndrome Reagent Names: EC 1.2. (Ketone Oxidoreductases) EC 1.2.4.4 (2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)) 0 (Autoantibodies) 0 (Multienzyme Complexes) Language: English

A. Glomerular changes - transplant glomerulopathy (cg): [45, 46], and Zollinger and Mihatsch [47] have studied this area of renal pathology over decades and have pointed out that, unlike classic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, transplant glomerulopathy is characteristically focal. Mild changes (cg1) consist of mesangial matrix expansion with associated basement membrane thickening, with or without double contours, in capillary loops affecting up to 25% of nonsclerotic glomeruli. Severe changes (cg3) are those previously described as classic transplant glomerulopathy in which more than 50% of nonsclerotic glomeruli demonstrate the changes described above with double contours in many capillary loops. Absence of chronic vascular changes is scored cv0. Mild vascular changes (cv1) consist up to 25% narrowing of the vascular lumenal area by fibrointimal thickening of arteries with or without breach of the internal elastic lamina, or presence of foam cells or occasional mononuclear cells. Moderate vascular changes (cv2) consist of similar changes with narrowing of the vascular lumenal area from 26% to 50%.

PagesArticle TitleAuthors163Association study in migraineG M Terwindt, M D Ferrari163Pressure-controlled palpation of pericranial musclesS Solomon163Cortisol and cluster headacheK Ekbom163-164Long-term subcutaneous sumatriptan in cluster headacheN T Mathew165-179Guidelines for trials of drug treatments in tension-type headache. First edition: International Headache Society Committee on Clinical Trials180-181Headache classification and the Bible: Was St Paul's thorn in the flesh migraine? G E Tietjen183-185Migraine with aura and migraine without aura are two different entitiesB K Rasmussen186-190Migraine with aura and migraine without aura are not different entitiesJ N Blau191-199Convergence of afferents from superior sagittal sinus and tooth pulp on cells in the thalamus of the catH Angus-Leppan, B Olausson, P Boers, G A Lambert200-204Genetic markers: Association study in migraineJ Pardo, A Carracedo, I Muñoz, J Castillo, M Lema, M Noya205-210Pressure-controlled palpation: A new technique which increases the reliability of manual palpationL Bendtsen, R Jensen, N K Jensen, J Olesen211-215Increased cerebrovascular pCO2 reactivity in migraine with aura -- A transcranial Doppler study during hyperventilationL L Thomsen, H K Iversen, J Olesen216-223Psychosocial and behavioral characteristics in chronic headache patients: Support for a continuum and dual-diagnostic approachL Scharff, D C Turk, D A Marcus224-229Twenty-four-hour melatonin and cortisol plasma levels in relation to timing of cluster headacheM Leone, V Lucini, D D'Amico, F Moschiano, C Maltempo, F Fraschini, G Bussone230-236Cluster headache attacks treated for up to three months with subcutaneous sumatriptan (6 mg)K Ekbom, A Krabbe, G Micelli, A Prusinski, J A Cole, A J Pilgrim, D Noronha237-240Initially migraine-like manifestation of a ruptured spinal arteriovenous malformationF Maggioni, P Rossi, S Casson, D Fiore, G Zanchin241-242Syncope and seizure-like activity secondary to acute herpes zoster infection of the trigeminal nerveL Bonamico, P Celnik243-248ABSTRACTS FROM THE LITERATURE //249-251BOOK REVIEWS //252ANNOUNCEMENTS //

Why are anabolic steroids abused? Anabolic steroids enable athletes in certain sports to build up muscle tissue during training more quickly than in training without drugs. (1-3) Many athletes believe they can win in competitions only if they use steroids. (4) It has not been proven that steroids alone directly increase muscle mass for athletes in training. (2,5) In sixteen trials of steroids as muscle builders, nine trials concluded that steroids were effective while seven concluded that they were not effective. Kopera H. The history of anabolic steroids and a review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids.

As a single agent, lorazepam (0.05 mg/kg IV) has been given one hour before cisplatin and every 4 hours as needed following chemotherapy. [1] Lorazepam has also been given as a single sublingual dose 30 minutes prior to chemotherapy, in conjunction with prochlorperazine suppositories (25 mg every 6 hours). Some nonpharmacologic approaches to treat ANV include cognitive and behavioral interventions, such as systematic desensitization, distraction, elimination of consistently repeating patterns, manipulation of the setting and personnel associated with chemotherapy administration, biofeedback, and blocking taste sensation with another strong taste (e.g., lemon). [9-14] Studies suggest that an orientation program educating patients about chemotherapy procedures and the medical environment can reduce conditioned side effects and other distress associated with chemotherapy and can improve patients' ability to cope. The desensitization process uses relaxation training and progressive muscle relaxation in conjunction with chemotherapy stimuli-related guided imagery to gradually decrease anxiety associated with the situation. : Lorazepam: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study of a new antiemetic in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy and prochlorperazine.

(Note: PWC - refers to patients with chronic fatigue syndrome -- Andrew) I want to relay info from an exercise physiologist who's worked w/over 200 PWCs and from some of my own diggings. It seems like many people believe that carbohydrates are the primary energy source for normal activity. Over HALF of a healthy person's energy, produce in cellular mitochondria, is derived from the aerobic metabolism of fat, with the balance coming from carbohydrate and protein. In a healthy person, carbs usually become the primary energy source ONLY when the physical exertion level exceeds that which aerobic (primarily) fat metabolism can yield. So when healthy, fat is the primary energy source for hours of activity, from sitting and reading up through biking and running at moderate levels, while carbs are the short-lived energy source for extremely vigorous activity. In addition to reduced max VO2s, exercise stress tests measuring respired gases or blood lactate levels reveal that many PWCs go anaerobic WITHIN JUST A COUPLE OF MINUTES OF LIGHT WALKING - severe PWCs may go anaerobic just by standing up!

Resuspend final mitochondrial pellet (from step "f") in phosphate buffered saline (PBS- 130 MM NaCl, 10 mM Na\2\HP04, 3 mM KCl, 2 mM KH\2\PO\4\, pH 7.4) (1 ml per 100 g seedlings). Resuspend protoplasts in cold PBS (about 10 ml/100 ml starting culture) draw into a 12 ml syringe to a millipore filter unit fitted with a piece of 100 mm mesh, and squeeze protoplasts through (into a 15 ml falcon 2059 tube on ice). Put plugs in a tube containing 1% SDS, 0.1 M EDTA and 1 mg/ml proteinase K. Shake at 37 deg C overnight. Remove lysis solution and resuspend plugs in TE\100\ (Tris- HCl 10 mM, EDTA 100 mM, pH 7.5). The plugs are soaked in 1 ml of the appropriate restriction buffer for 1 hour on ice, then moved to a tube containing 100-200 ul of restriction buffer plus enzyme. The digested plugs are soaked in 0.5 x TBE (TBE-45 mM Tris, 45 mM boric acid, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) for 1 hour, then placed into the wells of a 1% agarose gel made with 0.5 x TBE.

The activities of the RNA Society of NC will include a series of invited seminars, a biennial International RNA Symposium, and an annual regional research meeting. RNA Society Seminar Series: All Seminars are at 6 PM on Thursdays at the North Carolina Biotechnology Center, RTP. Refreshments (pizza and beverage) will be served after the seminars. Marvin Wickens, University of Wisconsin-Madison, "Poly(A) addition and removal during early development: translational regulation, the c-mos proto-oncogene and RNA-protein interactions," Tuesday, November 26, 1996, 11:30 AM, Room 408, Faculty Laboratory Office Building, UNC-Chapel Hill. For additional information and registration materials, contact Dr. North Carolina RNA Labs and RNA Lab Groups Other RNA Labs and RNA Lab Groups The RNA World: links to databases, tools, software, books, etc. Alternate site for links to databases, tools, software, books, etc.

These "uncomfortable" substrate molecules have slightly distorted electron orbital configurations and this make them reactive. The most commonly cited example of this involves the reaction: paraminobenzoic acid (paba) ------> folic acid sulfanilamide, a synthetic antibiotic, is an analog of paba and will compete with paba for the binding site on the enzyme which catalyzes this reaction. A group of enzymes known as allosteric enzymes have two binding sites: (1) a substrate binding site (the active site) and (2) a cofactor binding site (the allosteric site). In the cell a number of electron carrier molecules such as NAD, NADP and FAD serve to move electrons around between reactions. In the following reaction, reading from left to right, lactic acid is oxidized to form pyruvic acid and NAD gets reduced in the process. The products of aerobic respiration include: lactic acid, formic acid, are: CO2 and water and alot of ATP.

A nocturnal hemodialysis program - the only one of it's kind in the world, has been developed by Dr. In the over-75 group, only 12% of women received therapy while 20% of men did. Unlike T-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) which needs to be given within 3-hours, "Citicoline" has a therapeutic window of 24-hours and with significantly less bleeding than T-Pa. Alzheimer's patient have shown improvement in "general well-being" following two-months of Melatonin suppliments in a double-blind crossover study in Kingston Psychiatric Hospital by Dr. Women who have used estrogen replacement therapy from 1-11 years, had a decreased risk of breast cancer following a 500,000 woman study by American Cancer Society's "Cancer Prevention II study, conducted from 1982 to 1991. In women in which the first use of replacement therapy was under 40 years 34% risk was indicated whereas in women 50-years and over the reduced risk was 10%.

The vascular endothelium is important in synthesizing and releasing compounds that are involved in the regulation of vascular tone. A number of pharmacological and radioligand binding studies have provided strong eviden ce that the platelet and vascular smooth muscle receptors are different subtypes. Current studies are focusing on factors which regulate the vascular TXA2 receptor. A limitation of these studies has been a reliable method to assess the contribution of the platelet and vascular TXA2 receptor to the observed actions of TXA2. Studies are designed to test the hypothesis that gender differences observed in the regulation of vascular tone involve alterations in the action of endothelium-derived arachidonic acid metabolites. The characterization of these factors will aid in the understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in women, and ultimately may help improve the treatment of all vascular diseases in b oth men and women.

The complete oxidation of fuels and the transfer of fuel energy to ATP by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria are essential for efficient life-sustaining metabolism in most eukaryotic cells. Students in my laboratory are investigating mechanisms by which mitochondrial function and biogenesis are regulated in a number of interesting physiological and pathological states in mammalian cells and tissues. A variety of approaches -- including molecular, biochemical, cellular, and organismal methods -- is used in combination in order to understand how mitochondrial function is controlled (e.g., by hormones) and how ATP production in mitochondria is integrated with other metabolic activities. Past students have examined the regulation of mitochondrial function in cancer cells, in hibernating ground squirrels, and in human diseases such as Reye's Syndrome and Hunting-ton's Disease. Then, over a longer time period of 1 to 2 days after birth, the number of mitochondria increases in liver cells, further enhancing the newborn's metabolic capacity. Joyal, J.L. and Aprille, J.R. (1992) The ATP-Mg/Pi carrier of rat liver mitochondria catalyzes an electroneutral exchange.

Our Department has one of the largest and best equipped MRI facilities in the country. Its clinical unit has two 1.5 Tesla superconducting Signa General Electric magnets, used for patient imaging and research, one 0.5 Tesla Signa used for outpatients, and the world's first open MRI for image-guided therapy. A large number of inpatients and outpatients are seen seven days a week in the 12-room clinical area; the abnormalities range from the brain and spinal cord to the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. Projects are carried out in the Hospital and in nearby buildings, where additional high-field imaging and spectroscopic instruments are housed. This document is mirrored from BrighamRAD on the Cardiff web server. The mirror is maintained for the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Wales College of Medicine by Dave Harvey (harveydj@cardiff.ac.uk), who should be contacted if you encounter any mirror site problems.

Components of multiprotein-RNA complex that controls transcription elongation in Escherichia coli phage lambda One of these is transcriptional antitermination, the process in which genes whose transcription is otherwise blocked by premature termination are expressed through termination-suppression. Diverse mechanisms of antitermination have been uncovered from studies of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In lambda and related phages, genome-specific antiterminators convert RNA polymerase (RNAP) into a termination-resistant form during early phases of transcription elongation. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of how one such antiterminator, the phage N gene product, works. The chapter then outlines the methods of overproduction, isolation, and assay of the N protein as well as several accessory factors that modulate transcription elongation in Escherichia coli in the form of a multiprotein

Muscular dystrophy is a collective term for a variety of neuromuscular conditions characterised by the progressive degeneration and weakening of muscles which can affect both adults and children. Muscular Dystrophy Ireland is a small voluntary organisation with a membership of approximately 500 spread throughout Ireland. MDI is also involved in the EAMDA Youth Organisation (EYO) of EAMDA, and sends representatives to events organised by the EYO. These camps aren't just on the island of Ireland, MDI Youth Club members have been further afield. Just as MDI is involved with EAMDA, the younger members of MDI are involved with the EAMDA Youth Organisation or EYO. Members of MDI have taken part in EYO Youth Exchange Programmes in Holland, Germany, Sweden and Finland.

For patients with acute ischaemic stroke, there is uncertainty about the balance of risks (disabling or fatal intracerebral haemorrhage or haemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarcts and other non cerebral bleeds) and potential benefits (reductions in cerebral infarct size, avoidance of recurrent ischaemic stroke, reduction in DVT and pulmonary embolism all contributing to reduced early mortality and reduced disability in long-term survivors) from early anticoagulant therapy. Firstly, the trial should be large: ISIS-2 was able to provide particularly clear evidence on the efficacy and safety of two widely practicable treatments for acute myocardial infarction because of its size: 1820 deaths occurred in the 17,187 patients randomized (ISIS-2 1988). This review and the recent Antiplatelet Trialists Collaboration reviews (APT I 1994; APT III 1994) suggest that the evidence is strong enough to justify a very large trial of aspirin and heparin (separately and in combination) which enrols a few tens of thousands of patients with acute ischaemic stroke. For example, a study which recruited only 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke (i.e. about half the size of ISIS-3), in which two-week mortality was reduced by one-sixth, from 12% in patients allocated control to 10% in patients allocated heparin, could provide reliable evidence on the mortality effects: the observed 18% (SD4) reduction in the odds of death would be highly statistically significant (p<0.000001) and the 95% confidence intervals would be very precise (11-25% reduction). Perhaps more importantly, reliable analyses of medically important subgroups would also be possible (e.g. whether benefit was substantially different in patients started on treatment within six hours of onset, compared with those started later, in patients with cerebral infarction due to major cerebral vessel occlusion compared with small vessel lacunar strokes, in patients aged over 75 compared with younger patients). Any trial of antithrombotic therapy in acute ischaemic stroke must measure outcome in terms of survival free of severe disability - as in the Italian haemodilution trial (Italian 1987) - to ensure that treatment does not increase the proportion of patients surviving in a disabled state.

INDEX Spine (and peripheral nerve entrapment) Evaluation Center MGH Spine Surgeons MGH Developmental Neurosurgery: Spina bifida/myelomenigocele/syrinx/tethered cord information MGH Peripheral Nerve Surgery (carpal tunnel--and other nerve entrapment syndromes and tumors of peripheral nerves such as neurofibromas) Spine tumor information Non-invasive Proton Beam Radiosurgery of spinal tumors The central neurocytoma of the spine homepage Spinal AVM (arteriovenous malformation or arteriovenous fistula) Links to other information Other information on back and neck pain/injury Spinal cord injury links. Information on repetitive stress injury and other disorders of peripheral nerves including carpal tunnel syndrome Other ergonomics links Return to the MGH Neurosurgery Homepage Spine surgeons with special expertise in cervical thoracic, lumbar, and lumbosacral intervertebral disc removal, treatment of spine fractures and other spine injuries, spinal synovial or ganglion cysts, spinal cord herniation syndromes, Arnold Chiari-Malformation, syringomyelia, vertebral hemangiomas, schwannomas (neuromas), neurofibromas, gliomas (including astrocytoma, olgiodendroglioma, ependymoma, and ganglioglioma) chordomas, spinal chondrosarcomas, other spine tumors, and surgery for spinal stenosis: Lawrence F. Borges, M.D. G. Rees Cosgrove, M.D. Griffith R. Harsh, IV, M.D. Stephen Tatter, M.D., Ph.D. Brooke Swearingen, M.D. Nino Chiocca, M.D., Ph.D. It is of special note that the first discectomy for a herniated intervertebral disc was performed at MGH, as was the first successful stabilization of atlantoaxial instability of the cervical spine. General Disability Links Information on repetitive stress injury and other disorders of peripheral nerves including carpal tunnel syndrome Other ergonomics links Spinal AVMs Syringomyelia and Arnold Chiari Malformation Links Please, add (and look for) additional links in the Spine and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Guestbook Introduction to Spinal Disorders and Their Treatment from NYU Neurosurgery Back Pain Introduction and Definitions Lumbar Disc Herniation Lumbar Stenosis Cervical Disc Disease Cervical Spondylosis A Back Pain Exercise Program from the University of New Mexico Also see other ergonomics links: information on preventing back injury Yahoo's Paralysis Index American Paralysis Association Homepage University of Maryland Spinal Cord Injury Info (gopher) SCI Support SCI Web SCI Support Network with The Cord Newsletter Spinal Cord Injury Information from the (US) National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Spinal Cord Injury Promoting New Growth In Damaged Nerves Neural Prostheses: Bypassing The Spinal Cord Damage Procedures Taken After A Spinal Cord Injury Electronic Aids & Long-Term Treatment Of Spinal Cord Injuries Spinal Cord Injury: Hope Through Research Spinal Cord Injury & Drug Treatment Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation New Research For Spinal Cord Injuries Better Survival, Richer Lives Of Spinal Cord Injury Patients Spinal Cord Injuries: Where To Go For Help General Disability Links National Spinal Cord Injury Association National Spinal Cord Injury Hotline Spinal cord injury service Hotline's toll free number is 1-800-526-3456.

Read the comprehensive article on CoQ10 Read the testimonials of Incredible Health Improvement Results from the CORRECT USE of REALLY PURE ESSENTIAL OILS at healingoils.com Coenzyme Q10 - The Miracle Nutrient Give Every Cell in Your Body an Energy Boost Coenzyme Q10 has been called "The Miracle Nutrient" because of its ubiquitous health and therapeutic benefits. It is necessary for cellular respiration, Co Q10 regulates the production of energy(ATP), generation of new cells and repair of damaged cell tissue. Some of the numerous conditions that Co Q10 therapy has stabilized, reversed or cured in clinical trials include all forms of heart disease, peridontal (gum) disease, immune system deficiencies such as CFS, Ebstein Barre and others, post surgical recovery and weight loss. Extensive research has also proven that Co Q10 supplementation has no negative effects whatsoever. In fact, test subjects report a higher incidence of side effects with inert placebos than with Co Q10. Even though Co Q10 is in wide spread use all over the world to treat the above mentioned diseases and dozens more, the FDA, American scientific and medical communities have remained incredulous to this breakthrough wonder drug.

An Overview All living cells contain adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP can be extracted from cells and assayed with the enzyme, firefly luciferase, to produce a light emitting reaction. In this luminescent reaction, ATP is the limiting reagent. Therefore, the light reaching the instrument's detector is proportional to the amount of ATP in the sample and, correspondingly, to the number of cells from which it was extracted. Microbial Contamination of Foodstuffs, Pharmaceuticals, & Cosmetics: In the food processing industry, ATP determinations are used for detecting bacteria in beer, milk, meat, and other foodstuffs. Clinical Research: Clinical research applications include: determining the presence of bacterial ATP in urine and blood, assessing the effect of antibiotics on microbial growth, and measuring ATP levels to determine the effect of various drugs on human and animal cells.

Basil O'Connor Research Award Knight of the Order of the Republic of Italy I am interested in the development of new analytical methods for the diagnosis of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation disorders using mass spectrometry (MS), tandem and stable isotope dilution methods. Recently we have shown that acylcarnitine profiling of bile, a specimen easily collected at autopsy, provides highly informative patterns for the postmortem diagnosis of several metabolic disorders (Clin. Boles, R.G., Martin, S.K., Blitzer, M.G., and Rinaldo, P. Biochemical diagnosis of fatty acid oxidation disorders by metabolite analysis of post-mortem liver. Rashed, M.S., Ozand, P.T., Bennett, M.J., Barnard, J.J., Govindaraju, D.R., and Rinaldo, P. Diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism in sudden death cases by acrylcarnitine analysis of postmortem bile. Bennett, M.J., Weinberger, M.J., Kobori, J.A., Rinaldo, P., and Burlina, A.B. Mitochondrial short-chain L-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: a new defect of fatty acid oxidation. Treem, W.R., Shoup, M.E., Hale, D.E., Bennett, M.J., Rinaldo, P., Millington, D.S., Stanley, C.A., Riely, C., and Hyams, J.S. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, HELLP syndrome, and long chain 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

I hope you find this page enjoyable and that you will take a moment to sign the guest book using the form at the bottom of this page. Information for Parents of Children with Disabilities Emily's Guide for Sighted People to better understand the blind Employment of the blind and visually impaired Helping Visually Impaired CustomersBack to top COLORADO SKI SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND list of Books on disk Newspapers in the USA Magazines World Wide Weather Information Telnet to GBX - an on-line bulletin board for blind users - Yahoo Lycos Alta Vista Mailing list Word of mouth Another Web page NetScape search Other search engine Got lost in the Web Would you like to be notified of updates to this page? If you are using Lynx, the text will scroll across the line when you run out of room. It is not necessary to move to a new line when you see the line fill up.

Yes Drug class: Vitamin supplement Dietary supplement to ensure normal growth and health. A balanced diet should provide all the vitamin B-2 a healthy person needs and make supplements unnecessary during periods of good health. INTERACTS WITH COMBINED EFFECT --------------- --------------- Alcohol: Prevents uptake and absorption of vitamin B-2. Beverages: No problems expected. Cocaine: No problems expected. Foods: No problems expected.

General Considerations SLE is a multisystem autoimmune disease, with antibodies directed against a wide variety of cellular constituents, of which the most important are those to native (double-stranded) DNA. It is a disease predominantly of young females, involving the following organ systems: Skin - butterfly rash, discoid lesions, photosensitivity As with the mesangial lesions, these lesions may remain stable for many years. Frequently glomerular lesions are eccentric in the sense that marked cellular proliferation is seen in one portion of the glomerulus with marked capillary loop thickening "wire loops" in the remaining portion. Deposits can disappear as well as proliferation, so that patients can go backward as well as forward on the spectrum of lesions. In addition to glomerular deposits there are TBM deposits (Images 129 - 131) in 40-50% of patients.

The major research focus is on the development of clinical protocols that correlate with the anatomy, pathology, and physiology of strokes, headaches, and back pain. Approximately 600 items per patient, per visit, over one year are collected for each protocol. The second protocol, which concerns headache, is being developed to standardize diagnosis and care, in particular, in reference to long term drug therapy. The third clinical protocol, which concerns strokes, provides standardization of regional cerebral blood flow and the regional metabolic response which determines significant factors in treatment and prognosis. Physiological data obtained with electrodiagnostic techniques such as EEG and evoked potentials also are assessed to correlate with recovery and prognosis of stroke patients. With neuropathology and neuroradiology groups, we also are developing more sensitive techniques for monitoring drugs, hormones and the neurochemical components in patients with strokes and other neurological diseases.

�@This web is presented by Fukae Nagasaka Clinic in beautiful Setonaikai island: Etajima near famous Hiroshima city in Japan. For your health, please visit here often and read "The latest medical commentary with MRI image data etc. �@The introductions of The past Imperial Naval Academy (The today's Japan Maritime Self Defense Force Service School) in Etajima and Etajima town, Ogaki town are included in this web. Zoom Up a smaple image of brain tumor(upper right black part�j �@Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a complex, rapidly evolving modality that has recently developed application in human areas of diagnostic against all diseases. MRI equipment is, so to speak, human body sectional image making & processing equipment.

DEFINITION--Inflammation of connective tissue, with degenerative changes in the muscles (polymyositis) and skin (dermatomyositis). This causes weakness and muscle wasting, especially in the arms and legs. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS--Sudden or slow onset of the following: Weakness in the pelvic-girdle and shoulder-girdle muscles. Patients with cardiac or pulmonary involvement tend to have more severe symptoms that are somewhat resistant to treatment. Research into causes and treatment continues, so there is hope for increasingly effective treatment and cure. MEDICATION--Your doctor may prescribe: Cortisone drugs in high doses until acute symptoms diminish, then in lower doses.

incidence: 1/100,000 occurs in 8% of children (5-14 years) with epilepsy age of onset: 3 to 13 years risk factors: F > M (females = 60-76%) family history of epilepsy in 15-44% of cases multifactorial type of inheritence most common clinical presentation in school a 6-7 year old girl has episodic staring spells of sudden onset which are typically characterized by a statue-like facial expression, cessation of ongoing activity, un-responsiveness, and eye-blinking or lip-smacking; the spell stops abruptly and the child has no memory of the event not associated with an aura no period of post-ictal impairment lasts <15 seconds triggered by hyperventilation normal neurologic examination and intelligence in children 7 years and older, 40% will develop tonic-clonic seizures after having absence seizures drug of choice for children age 6 years and less initial dose is 20 mg/kg/day po bid with progressive increase until seizure control or side effects control in 72% of patients without side effects SE: nausea, vomiting, cramps, pain, weight loss, diarrhea drowsiness, headaches, dizziness, euphoria, hiccups drug of choice for children older than 6 yrs or ethosuximide failure used in children older than 6 as tonic-clonic seizures more prevelent in this age group spontaneous remission in 25% by age 15 years and 75% by age 20 years high recurrence rate even after 2 years seizure-free on therapy

brain contusion - A bruise of brain tissue in which there is capillary bleeding. brain death - A state of irreversible coma in which cerebral and brain stem functions are absent. brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM) - A computerized interpretation of brain currents incorporating (usually) sound and visual evoked potentials to produce a colored map of brain electrical functioning. brain infection - An invasion of brain tissues by pathogenic organisms in such a way that injury of brain tissue follows with symptoms of illness. cavitation - A physio-chemical process resulting in the production of microscopic explosions of gas within the brain following rapid acceleration of the brain inside the skull. cerebral blood flow - The rate of blood flow through the brain, which may be measured by various techniques and determined for various regions of the brain.

Benzophenone-ATP, BzATP, Benzoylbenzoic adenosine 5'- triphosphate PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Inhibition of ion pump ATPase activity by 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-ATP (BzATP): assessment of BzATP as an active site-directed probe. Photoaffinity labeling of gizzard myosin with 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)-benzoic-adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Irradiation of trapped 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate labels the 50-kilodalton heavy chain tryptic peptide. Permeabilization of transformed mouse fibroblasts by 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl adenosine 5'-triphosphate and the desensitization of the process. Investigation of nucleotide binding sites on chloroplast coupling factor 1 with 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl adenosine 5'-triphosphate.

Dementia Simplex Is : Frank Feldt, Thorsten Fries, Sascha Herrmann, Mario Nier, Thomas Reis, Klaus Weiber. Very good use of samples and sound effects. THIS SITE HAS BEEN ACCESSED TIMES SINCE 18.2.97 This Page Is Best Viewed With Internet Explorer 3.0+

Does using antibiotics have a negative effect on anabolic steroids? Q:Dan Duchaine and a number of other experts have recently written in your magazine (and others) and stated on audiotape interviews that I've listened to that the concept of cycling steroids (going on and off) doesn't make sense. If steroid receptors, which cause the muscle cell to increase protein synthesis after receiving the steroid signal, down-regulate rapidly when you start using steroids, it's quite likely that the majority of the positive effects steroids exert on muscle metabolism occur through anti-catabolic/anti-proteolytic means—steroid molecules occupy cortisol (a catabolic hormone that breaks down muscle tissue) receptor sites, so cortisol can't break down muscle tissue. Steroids are definitely not the only drugs that can cause the liver to work a little harder (I've seen simple antibiotics like tetracycline raise certain liver enzyme levels by 300%), but I do believe the longer you stay on steroids, the more likely it is you'll develop some type of liver damage. I still believe the proper use (not abuse) of steroids for improving muscle metabolism and performance and maybe even certain health parameters involves using moderate doses of low-androgenic steroids for cycle periods of 6 to 12 weeks, followed by at least a 6- to 12-week off period before using the drugs again. So it's possible that using antibiotics could reduce the effects of exogenous (from a source outside the body) anabolic steroids, especially oral anabolic steroids since they enter the liver first, before they get into the bloodstream.

Recently there had been a report on point mutations at position 5460 of the mitochondrial genome located within the ND2 gene, a subunit of the NADH-ubiquinone-oxidoreductase, in 10 out of 19 post mortem brain samples of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using allele specific PCR with a sensitivity of detection of less than 1% mutated mtDNA, we investigated post mortem brain samples from 48 patients with AD and blood samples of 15 patients with clinically diagnosed AD. In addition, we investigated tissue samples of patients with different neuromuscular disorders and patients with Downs syndrome. Independent of the tissue analysed up to 20% of all the tested samples of patients showed a point mutation at nt 5460 with a base substitution from G to A. 19 brain samples and 48 blood samples from persons without such disorders served as controls. With exception of two samples all controls lacked this mutation. Our results do not support previously reported high frequency of these mutations in AD, thus a co-factor in several disease processes or a polymorphism seems more probable.

When Toxoplasma extract was incubated with 3H-casein at various pH, peak hydrolysis of casein was observed at pH 6.0 and at pH 8.5. AB: Observations were made on the differences in cell-mediated immune responses in the mice infected with strongly pathogenic Naegleria fowleri ITMAP 359, weakly pathogenic Naegleria jadini 0400, or non-pathogenic Naegleria gruberi EGB, respectively. The serum antibody titer of N. fowleri and N. jadini infected mice increased from the day 7 and 14 after infection respectively, while the N. gruberi infected mice showed no increase. The recovery rate of adult worms at 42 days after infection was 53.3% from three albino rats, 21.0% from a dog and 12.7% from two cats. The size of worms recovered from albino rats, a dog, and cats 42 days after infection averaged 6.3 x 3.2 mm, 6.3 x 3.0 mm, or 6.2 x 3.5 mm, respectively. Cercarial shedding from the infected snails started from the 25th day after the exposure to miracidia, and the total number of cercariae shed per snail was 684 in average (range; 482-904).

The three components of the coagulation system - platelets, coagulation proteins and the endothelium - exist in an active state of equilibrium, which maintains the fluidity of the blood in balance with the ability to enter into an almost explosive process of thrombosis to staunch hemorrhage. The power of the activated coagulation system requires powerful counterbalance so that thrombosis can be limited appropriately to the site of hemorrhage. A number of primary and secondary abnormalities can result in imbalance, leading to abnormal thrombosis. Resistance to APC was found to be a very common abnormality among these patients - affecting from 20 to 60 percent of patients with a history of thrombosis - and to be due to a mutation in the binding site for APC on the factor VIII protein. A recent study of 665 patients receiving prophylaxis against venous thrombosis after hip surgery, with either unfractionated or low molecular weight (LMW) heparin, reported an incidence of 2.7 percent among patients receiving unfractionated heparin, and none among those receiving LMW heparin. The antibody is associated with a high risk of thrombosis - seven of the nine affected patients had DVT and one had mesenteric artery thrombosis.

Cerebral glutamate levels can now be distinctly demonstrated using spectroscopy techniques on clinical MR imaging systems. At the Medical College of Wisconsin, glutamate spectroscopy has significantly contributed to the evaluation of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, hepatic encephalopathy, and cerebral ischemia. The capability of performing spectroscopy at 0.5T with enhanced resolution of the glutamine and glutamate levels in the brain is the result of work by Robert Prost in the Department of Radiology under the guidance of Shijang Li, Ph.D. of the Biophysics Research Institute. Note that on the right side glutamine/glutamate peak (glx) is abnormally high, suggesting a closer proximity to an epileptogenic focus, while the glutamine/glutamate peak on the left (B) is in the normal range. At the Medical College of Wisconsin, we have been detecting high glutamate levels in the hippocampi of patients with temporal lobe seizures, even when MR imaging of this area fails to show the typical features of mesial temporal sclerosis (Figure 9A). We have, in addition, used glutamate (and glutamine) spectroscopy to diagnose individuals with hepatic encephalopathy, mitochondrial encephalopathy (MELAS), and cerebral hypoxia and ischemia.

The following information is provided for cancer patients. The information contained relates to side effects that may occur during Radiation or Chemotherapy treatments. Please feel free to browse this site. Radiation Therapy: Radiation Therapy to the Abdomen Radiation Therapy to the Breast Radiation Therapy to the Chest Radiation Therapy to the Pelvis (GYN) Radiation Therapy to the Pelvis (Colon, Prostate, Bladder) Diet for Patients Receiving Raditation Therapy to the Mouth and Neck Radiation Therapy to the Mouth and Neck Radiation Therapy and Side Effects Chemotherapy What is Chemotherapy? Leukorvorin Calcium Cisplatin Cytoxan Levamisole Methotrexate Platelets Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Taxol Vepesid Vinblastine Vincristine Medications and their Side Effects: What medications are used to relieve pain? Ativan Compazine Darvocet N 100 Darvon Decadron Dilaudid Lortab MS Contin MSIR Reglan Zofran Side Effects that occur with both Chemotherapy and Radiation Treatments Mouth Care for Patients Receiving Chemotherapy or Radiation to the Mouth and Neck Constipation Diarrhea Dry Mouth Hair Loss Nausea & Vomiting

Renowned experts present the latest knowledge in child neurology This publication manifests that pediatric neurology nowadays has developed into a completely independent discipline within the field of neurology. Bearing this in mind, the book presents the most recent advances on many different aspects of child neurology. Contributions from well-known scientists from all over the world make this volume timely reading for all those involved in pediatric neurology and gives vital pointers to the future of this increasingly specialized field of study. Contents Papavassiliou, A.G.; Dotti, C.G.: Basic principles of neurobiology Panteliadis Ch.P.: Brain development and nutrition Covanis, A.P.: Neurolocial examination of the newborn Milonas, I.A.: Neurologic examination in children Milonas, I.A.: Localization of lesions in the central nervous system Logothetis, J.A.: Localization of lesions in the peripheral nervous system Logothetis, J.A.: Localization of lesions in coma Dimitriadis, A.S.: Pediatric neuroradiology Slone, W.; Chakeres, D.W.; Dimitriadis, A.S.: Pediatric neuroimaging Sfakianakis, G.N.; Mallin, W.: Scintigraphic neuroimaging in pediatrics Arvanitis, D.L.: Congenital malformations of the nervous system Panteliadis, Ch.P.; Pantzaris, M.Ch.: Neural tube defects Preisler, B.: Rehabilitation of spina bifida children early ambulation using Swivel Walkers and Parawalkers Panteliadis, Ch.P.; Pilpilidis, I.K.: Hydrocephalus Panteliadis, Ch.P.: Cerebral palsy Nordli, D.R.; Pedley, T.A.; Moshé, S.L.: Seizure disorders in children Herranz, J.L.: Febrile convulsions Panteliadis, Ch.P.: Infections of the central nervous system Roilides, E.I.: Human immunodeficiency virus and other slow virus infections of central nervous system Covanis, A.P.: Peripheral neuropathies Darras, B.T.: Acute ataxia Darras, B.T.: Movement disorders Segawa, M.: Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation Darras, B.T.: Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies Darras, B.T.: Peroxisomal disorders Panteliadis, Ch.P.: Neurocutaneous syndromes (Phacomatoses) Brown, J.K.; Omar, T.: Acute encephalopathies of childhood Darras, B.T.: Muscular dystrophies Basiakos, H.S.: Visual acuity abnormalities in CNS disorders in children Ritz, A.: Concepts of rehabilitation in brain injured and neurologically sick children and adolescents DEM price for Germany, USD price for USA only

Q10 and Sports/Exercise (human studies) The following list contains 18 scientific references from our research library on Ubiquinone Q10 and Sports/Exercise. In conclusion our results showed: 1) endurance exercise at 80-85% of the anaerobic threshold leads to the free radical production through tha activation of XOD in the PNC 2) the lactate level does not seem able to generate oxygen radicals in the same exercise 3) the increase of CK, LDH, MYO, as muscle markers, at the end of exercise could be due to free radicals action on cell membrane lipids; 4) blood sampling at the end of exercise is not able to show variations in FFA composition either of plasma or erithrocyte ghosts; 5) CoQlO of endurance runners in plasma is lower than normal values and decreases after strenuous exercise; the CoQ10 administration improves plasma level and seems able to reduce the markers of cell muscle damage. This study indicates, in line with indications from previous in vitro studies (Nohl, 1989, Stoltze et al 1993), that under conditions with high proton concentration (e.g. high exercise intensity) and Q10 supplementation, there is increased cell damage (increased plasma CK in the Q10 group), possibly due to increased free radical production. In order to determine the effect of oral Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) dosing on exercise capacity, 15 middle-aged men (44.7 +/- 2.0 years) received either CoQ10 (150 mg/day x 2 months-Q10 GRP) or placebo (2 months-CON GRP). The same indexes, measured after identical times and work, were evaluated after one month of treatment with Co Q10. The only relevant modifications observed were those concerning FFA: at the end of aerobic work and after the administration of the drug, lower levels were reached (before, 1011 +/- 329 microEq/l; after 790 +/- 392; p less than 0.05); the same trend was observed at the end of the exhaustive work (1031 +/- 320 microEq/l vs 826 +/- 387; p less than 0.05).

Deoxyribonucleic Acid is DNA DNA is the name of a perfume, a band, and even the genetic material. It may sound like a cliche, but it is true: DNA is the "blueprint" for an organism. Based on the sequential arrangement of the coding segments (or "nucleotides"), DNA presents a set of detailed instructions for how to create and maintain life. But herein lies the simplicity and beauty of DNA coding: These four nucleotides can be combined to form a myriad of different sequences, each one with a different purpose. For example, consider a 5 nucleotide piece of DNA: AGTCA Since one of four nucleotides can appear at each site in the 5 nucleotide sequence, the total number of different sequences is: 4(5) = 1024.

Thu, 24 Apr 1997 11:08:13 -0400 (EDT) Messages sorted by: [ date ][ thread ][ subject ][ author ] Next message: Nick Simicich : "A talk with my doctor. > have heard a lot about humalog, why is it so good, what is the difference > with the other insulines. Humalog begins working faster than the other insulins, and its action does not last as long. Thus, you don't have to worry as much about the glycemic index/absorption rate of the food you eat. I ate a big spaghetti dinner, with a post-prandial bg of 150, no problem! The only problem I've had on humalog so far is "not feeling like a diabetic" and binging sometimes, though I'm toning that down now and trying to be a "good diabetic" again -- a "good diabetic" being one who tries to keep their bg down, but not obsessively.

When spatial information must be obtain in magnetic resonance imaging, the direction can be code in the frequency of the nuclear signal. By changing the magnetic gradient spatially spatial information is put in the frequency domain --- in the MRI society called ''k-space''. While the order of the large static field still is in the order of Tesla, the strength of the little magnetic gradient field is in the order of milliTesla, for example 0.005 T/m. The interaction between the gradient magnet and the static causes so much noise in the scanner room, that the subject most were earplugs. These can be further divided into subgroups, depending on the precise use of the RF pulse and the gradients: changing the gradient field spatial and temporal, injecting wideband --- WB --- or narrow band ---NB --- RF pulses, and making them either 90 180, thus they are closely related to the pulse sequence. The frequency of a narrow band RF pulse is aimed at the Larmor frequency in that voxel, triggering and measuring only that voxel. A line in that plane is selected by varying the gradient in an other coordinate, and fitting the SE rephasing pulse to frequency in the target line.

Click here to go to the Department of Genetics EUCLID: Emory's Library Catalog OVID WWW(ID & password required) OVID telnet(ID & password required) Other genetic resources MedWeb: Biomedical Internet resources Computer-related resources National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine Go to the WWW homepage. For more information about this WWW site, contact: Andreas M. Kogelnik

Source: Int J Neurosci 1992 Nov-Dec;67(1-4):19-30 Abstract: Animal data indicate that melatonin secretion is stimulated by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and that lesions of the PVN mimic the endocrine effects of pinealectomy. Since the PVN lies adjacent to the third ventricle, I propose that periventricular damage, which is found in schizophrenia and may account for the third ventricular dilatation seen on computed tomographic (CT), may disrupt PVN-pineal interactions and ultimately enhance the process of pineal calcification (PC). To investigate this hypothesis, I conducted CT study on the relationship of PC size to third ventricular width (TVW) in 12 chronic schizophrenic patients (mean age: 33.7 years; SD = 7.3). The findings support the hypothesis that periventricular damage may be involved in the process of PC in schizophrenia and may indirectly implicate damage to the PVN in the mechanisms underlying dysfunction of the pineal gland in schizophrenia. 0001) in chronic schizophrenia as compared to normal controls. The implications of HAC for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia are discussed in light of the central role of the habenula in the regulation of limbic functions Major Indexes: Brain Diseases [radiography] Calcinosis [radiography] Pineal Body [radiography] Schizophrenia [radiography] Thalamus [radiography] Tomography, X-Ray Computed Minor Indexes: Adult Brain Diseases [complications] [physiopathology] Calcinosis [complications] [physiopathology] Cross-Sectional Studies Hypothalamus [physiopathology] [radiography] Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus [physiopathology] [radiography] Pineal Body [physiopathology] Schizophrenia [etiology] [physiopathology] Thalamus [physiopathology] Language: English

Coronal brain slices in (a) normal elderly; (b) stage I AD (with slight cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement). ) AD is progressive and this advancement has been described as having three stages. Generally the appearance of focal neurological deficits in patients over 65 or an unusual course of illness (e.g., stepwise decline in functioning) are indications that further neurological or imaging investigations are appropriate in order to exclude treatable diseases (e.g., hypertension or neoplasia). In the second stage of AD (Fig. A degree of Parkinsonism may occur in about two-thirds of patients, but Parkinson-like features such as increased muscle tone and akinesia are only conspicuous in a small proportion of AD patients. Neurological deficits become more pronounced and progress from an increase in muscle tone with an accompanying slow, wide-based, and unsteady gait through spasticity and myoclonus.

Effect of nacl load administered to the fetus on the bidirectional movement of 51cr-edta across the rat placenta. A hypothesis that in the rat fluid circulates across the placenta, the circulation being maintained by active transport of Na+ from mother to fetus, has been tested. The hypothesis predicts that increasing Na+ supply to the fetus would increase the circulation of fluid which would increase convective flow of extracellular probes in the fetal -maternal direction. Clearance of 51Cr-EDTA from mother to fetus, Kmf, and from fetus to mother, Kfm, has been measured in anesthetized rats. Immediately before the transfer measurement the fetuses were injected intravenously with 10 [mu]l of isotonic glucose (controls) or with 30 [mu]l or 300 [mu]l of isotonic saline, or with 10 [mu]l, 30 [mu]l or 60 [mu]l of 9% solution of NaCl. In controls Kmf of 51Cr -EDTA was 2.0 +/- 0.7 [mu]l min-1, and Kfm was 4.3 +/- 1.0 [mu]l min -1.

Methods: Retrospective study of the records of 250 patients with either a carotid cavernous fistula or dural arteriovenous malformation revealed a total of 10 patients with vision loss secondary to retinopathy (group I) or choroidal effusion (group II). The cerebral angiograms of these 10 patients and 10 additional patients with visual dysfunction due to elevated intraocular pressure (group III) were evaluated to determine whether the three groups could be distinguished by a specific vasculopathic pattern. Results: There were angiographic signs of severe thrombosis in the ophthalmic vein in nine patients and in the cavernous sinus in seven patients ipsilateral to the retinal or choroidal lesion. In contrast, in group III, severe thrombosis in the ipsilateral ophthalmic vein and in the cavernous sinus occurred in one and two patients, respectively. Closure of the AVS improved the visual acuity in 1 of 4 patients in group I and in 4 of 5 patients in group II, and normalized the intraocular pressure in all patients. None of the patients harboured the reported tRNA(Leu(UUR)) mutation or any other length variations of the mtDNA.

JUAN JUAN CHEN,1 STEVEN SCHENKER,1 AND GEORGE I. HENDERSON2 Lipid peroxidation has been implicated in ethanol-induced liver injury and observed in fetal liver and brain after maternal ethanol consumption with mitochondria being the target organelles. This process generates a highly reactive and toxic product, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). In the present study, HNE levels and metabolism were assessed in mitochondria of fetal and maternal liver after in vivo ethanol exposure. Measurement of HNE metabolism showed that fetal mitochondria had a lower capacity for HNE catabolism than adult mitochondria. Prior in vivo ethanol exposure further potentiated HNE formation in t-butyl hydroperoxide-stimulated fetal liver mitochondria, but not in adult mitochondria. These findings indicate that increased levels of HNE in fetal liver mitochondria after maternal ethanol consumption reflect a higher susceptibility to HNE formation in addition to a lesser capacity to metabolize it.

Summary: The tremorolytic effects of primidone and phenobarbital in essential tremor of hands and head were compared in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Only primidone proved to be superior to placebo in reducing hand tremor, suggesting that its tremorolytic effectiveness is largely dependent on the parent drug rather than its metabolite phenobarbital. Head tremor tended to improve only in three out of six patients with both primidone and phenobarbital, but, likely due to the small number of affected patients, the effect failed to reach statistical significance. Summary: OBJECTIVE--To determine whether primidone reduced the occurrence of apnea of prematurity in neonates with apnea resistant to theophylline. We obtained similar results after a separate analysis of the 10 patients who had been weaned from assisted ventilation before treatment with primidone. Summary: To test the feasibility of comparing epilepsy treatment policies and outcome, a secondary and a tertiary epilepsy care facility have been audited in a previous study (1).

This research is based on the hypothesis that tumour mitochondrial and/or mitochondrial DNA may be used as a target for cancer chemotherapy. The involvement of mitochondrial membrane potential and pH gradient in the accumulation of cytotoxic agents and the ability of mitochondrial DNA to interact with cytotoxic agents makes the tumour mitochondria a very sensitive target. Our strategy will be to exploit known differences between mitochondria in tumour cells and normal cells and investigate mitochondrial differences between sensitive and resistant cells. We have developed a tumour model consisting of pairs of drug sensitive and resistant cell lines which have been shown to possess biochemical and morphological differences in their mitochondria. This model will be used to examine: (a) the potential use of mitochondria as a target and/or a reservoir for chemotherapeutic agents; and (b) the importance of mitochondrial bound hexokinases between the parental and the resistant variant. We postulate that the growth rate and differentiation of metastatic cancer cells in bone is regulated by local bone-derived growth factors, and that the generation and/or release of these growth factors is coupled with the processes of bone formation and resorption.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses a large magnet, radiofrequency signals and sophisticated computers to produce the images your physician reads. An MRI scan is harmless and takes about one hour to complete. There are no known side effects, and MRI produces no potentially harmful ionizing radiation. Since MRI uses a magnetic field, metal objects such as jewelry, watches, pocket knives, hair pins, paper clips or safety pins are not permitted in the magnet room. Also, patients having an MRI of the head, should not wear mascara or other eye makeup, hair mousses, gels or sprays. Patients with metal objects inside their body such as cardiac pacemakers, cerebral aneurysm clips, cochlear implants, certain metal prosthetic devices, or metal fragments/slivers in the eye(s) need to inform the technologist prior to the exam.

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes caused by the weakening of blood vessels supplying the retina. The risk increases over time; about 60 percent of patients who have had diabetes for 15 years or more show some blood vessels damage in their eyes. Just why diabetes causes diabetic retinopathy is not completely understood; however, it is known that diabetes affects small blood vessels in various parts of the body, and the condition may be aggravated in diabetic patients by pregnancy or high blood pressure. Background retinopathy, considered an early stage of the condition, involves changes in the blood vessels within the retina. For further and more precise evaluation, physicians have introduced a new technique called flourscein angiography which involves rapid, computerized photography of the blood vessel system in the retina following injection into the blood stream of fluorescent dye. Diabetes is a chronic condition and successful treatment for diabetic eye conditions depends greatly on the patient's willingness to participate fully in his or her care.

Because of an ever increasing interest in mitochondrial diseases beyond Leigh's Syndrome, PALS has combined with the COX Foundation to form the United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation (UMDF). The UMDF serves those affected by any mitochondrial disorders, including Leigh's Syndrome. Thank you for your support and encouragement toward PALS over the last 2 years. Please visit the UMDF web site at http://biochemgen.ucsd.edu/umdf Send email to Mark Fleming.

Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 ABSTRACT Oligodendrocytes are the predominant iron-containing cells in the brain. Iron-positive cells in white matter are present from birth and eventually reside in defined patches of cells in the adult. Ferritin, the iron storage protein, is also expressed early in development in oligodendrocytes in a regional and cellular pattern similar to that seen for iron. Transferrin protein accumulation and mRNA expression in the brain are both dependent on a viable population of oligodendrocytes and may have an autocrine function to assist oligodendrocytes in iron acquisition. Iron is directly involved in myelin production as a required co-factor for cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis and indirectly because of its requirement for oxidative metabolism (which occurs in oligodendrocytes at a higher rate than in other brain cells). Factors (such as cytokines) and conditions such as iron deficiency may reduce iron acquisition by oligodendrocytes and the susceptibility of oligodendrocytes to oxidative injury may be a result of their iron-rich cytoplasm.

Basically, mitochondria take in pyruvate (from glucose) and fatty acids and generate ATP; chloroplasts take in radiant energy and generate fixed carbon (= sucrose). We will talk more about mitochondria rather than chloroplasts. First state that both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA. The Genomes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts How big are these organellar genomes. Mitochondria Humans 16.6kb Yeast 75kb In other fungi, the size varies from 20kb (pombe) to 80 kb or more. Higher plants have from 150 - 2500 kb genomes: Chloroplasts: Note that chloroplast DNA is generally larger than mitochondrial DNA (100 - 200 kb).

We would like to understand how large systems of neurons represent and process information. Our efforts have concentrated on the vertebrate retina. How is the information about our visual environment encoded at this stage of the nervous system? How does the retina generate that representation from the optical image projected onto its photoreceptor layer? And what operations might later stages of the visual system perform on these signals in order to extract the features of interest? We have developed an instrument that uses a flat array of microelectrodes to record simultaneously the action potentials of about 100 retinal ganglion cells in a region of 0.5mm diameter.

Macular Degeneration Macular degeneration causes progressive loss of central vision, side vision usually is not affected. In advanced causes, glaucoma causes loss of side vision. Glaucoma is caused by increased pressure in the eye which damages the optic nerve. This eye condition is caused by a defect in the optic nerve pathways between the eye and brain. Diabetic Retinopathy Cataracts Retinopathy is the enlargement and leakage of blood vessels in the eye. Cataracts cloud the lenses of the eye causing blurred or dimmed vision.

This response submitted by Keith Orr on 7/15/96. Author's Email: KEITH1217@AOL.COM We had the same overt symptoms at birth. The disease was then1diagnosed as Leigh's Disease (Subacute Necrotizing1Encephalopathy). Research continues in the mRNA area. Article complete.

Various cells release a stable small molecule that inhibits endothelium-dependent relaxation. Previous studies have shown that neutrophils release a stable factor that inhibits endothelium-dependent relaxation. In the present studies, the effects of supernatants derived from various cells on endothelium-dependent relaxation were studied. Cells were obtained from seven sources: human hematopoietic cells including mononuclear leukocytes (MONO), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells; cells of the cardiovascular system including human endothelial cell line ECV304, human smooth muscle cells and rat myocardial cells; and the tumor cell line HPB. These isolated or cultured cells were incubated for 1 hour in Krebs' solution to release the factor. The results showed that the supernatants from 105cells/ml of all cells except the tumor cell line HPB produced a potent inhibitory effect on endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aortic rings in response to acetylcholine and Ca2+ ionophores A23187 and ionomycin; but not on endothelium-independent relaxation to nitroprusside and glyceryl trinitrate. The potency order was PMNs = MONO = CLL cells > cardiac cells > smooth muscle cells > the endothelial cell line ECV304 > the tumor cell line HPB. It seems that the hematopoietic cells and the cardiac cells are more active in release of the factor.

A 46 y.o. male with a previous episode of right sided herpes zoster ophthalmicus approximately 5 weeks prior to admission, presented with acute onset left sided hemiparetic symptoms and mild aphasia. The average time delay between the HZO and the onset of neurologic symptoms is seven weeks (2). There remains some debate about the pathophysiologic mechanism for the development of ipsilateral cerebral infarcts following HZO, however, most individuals now agree that it is local spread of the virus from the gasserian ganglion to the carotid artery. This would correlate with the imaging findings in this patient as the area of severe ICA stenosis is within the supraclinoid portion just distal to the origin of the ophthalmic artery. The presence of segmental narrowing in the P2 segment of the right PCA as well as mild narrowing in the supraclinoid portion of the left ICA in this patient may be secondary to spread along perivascular plexuses about the circle of Willis even though the right posterior communicating artery is not appreciated on angiography. The outcome of cerebral angiitis following HZO is extremely variable with complete recovery not uncommon.

Texts by Stephen J. Pomeranz, M.D., founder of MRI-EFI. Specialized texts, relevant to current issues and practices in MRI. Designed to strengthen the physician's experience in applications and interpretation of MRI. Throughout the year and throughout the world, courses designed to acquaint physicians with the applications and clinical benefits of MR in the brain, spine and musculoskeletal system with emphasis on clinical interpretation. Consultant to medical and imaging facilities throughout the U.S. Author of a CME-accredited series of studio-produced video lectures on MRI interpretation designed for the practicing radiologist (also available in slides). CALL OR WRITE FOR MORE INFORMATION ON ANY OF OUR ACTIVITIES For more information, contact:

phenytoin Tradename Dilantin Manufacturer Parke-Davis Treatment Class Psychopharmacologic and Neurologic (CNS) Indication Refractory partial epilepsy See DrugDB for links to related articles and resources on PharmInfoNet and elsewhere QUESTION 1: What are the guidelines for folic acid supplementation while on phenytoin during pregnancy? Regarding folate supplementation for epileptic women on AEDs preparing for and during pregnancy, specifically phenytoin: what is recommended daily folic acid dose? ANSWER: In response to your question, there are no set guidelines for folic acid supplementation while on phenytoin during pregnancy. Does it matter if dosing is Dilantin Kapseals, 300mg, hs, or phenytoin 150mg, bid as far as maintaining stable state serum levels and when to measure those levels? At steady state in most patients using the 300 mg daily dose the difference from peak to trough is about 1 to 2 mg/L. Assuming the 150 mg divided doses are of equal bioavailability, the fluctuation is negligible at steady state.

We present a general method for developing stochastic nonlinear models of neurons based on experimental data. Frequently used methods to investigate nonlinear biological systems are Volterra and Wiener series expansions. However, as the generation of action potentials is a hard nonlinearity it has been assumed that Wiener kernels up to high orders would be necessary to describe the spike generating mechanism. In order to take into account the variability of neural spike train responses, the resulting generalized functional series will be used to develop stochastic models. It can be shown that the spike generating mechanism can be described by a Markov model whose transition rates are determined by the extended series. The procedure was first tested on spike trains generated by modified Hodgkin-Huxley neurons and then applied to responses of pigeon auditory nerve fibers.

MOTOR WEAKNESS Weakness is common to many disorders ranging from muscular to psychiatric. A precise characterization of the complaint is important (weakness may have various meanings to the patient, including fatigue, clumsiness, or numbness); ie, the exact location, time of occurrence, precipitating and ameliorating factors, and associated symptoms and signs. Myotonia, the decreased relaxation of muscle following a sustained contraction or direct percussion of the muscle itself, is particularly seen in myotonic dystrophy and may cause a disability due, for example, to inability to relax and quickly open the closed hand. The patient extends his arms, then his legs, to be inspected for weakness (a weak limb soon begins to sag), for tremor, or other involuntary movements. One scale assigns 0 to no movement; 1 to trace movement; 2 to movement with the aid of gravity; 3 to movement against gravity, but not resistance; 4 to movement against resistance supplied by the examiner; and 5 to normal strength. A patient with quadriceps weakness has to push off with the arms to get out of a chair.

PNAS Association of RNase mitochondrial RNA processing enzyme with ribonuclease P in higher ordered structures in the nucleolus: A possible coordinate role in ribosome biogenesis Association of RNase mitochondrial RNA processing enzyme with ribonuclease P in higher ordered structures in the nucleolus: A possible coordinate role in ribosome biogenesis

The effect of adrenalectomy (ADX) on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion was examined in conscious mice made obese by a single injection of gold thioglucose (GTG). To facilitate such a study a chronic jugular catheter was implanted into the mice at the time of performing the ADX or sham-ADX. One week after ADX, the body weight (GTG-obese+sham-ADX, 35.6±0.6g; GTG-obese+ADX, 33.1±0.6g; P<0.05) and glycogen content of the liver (GTG- obese+sham-ADX, 2.4±0.2µmol/liver; GTG-obese+ADX, 1.6±0.1µmol/liver; P<0.05) of GTG-injected mice were reduced. Plasma glucose concentrations, in both the overnight fasted state and in response to an intravenous glucose load were also reduced following ADX of GTG-obese mice, but not to the level of the sham-ADX control mice. However, ADX completely normalized plasma insulin concentrations in both the basal state and also in response to a glucose load, as indicated by the finding that the integrated insulin secretory response of the ADX GTG-obese mice was not different from that of sham-ADX control mice (control+sham-ADX, 192±5min.µU/ml; GTG-obese+ADX, 196±10min.µU/ml). The effects of ADX on carbohydrate metabolism were not restricted to GTG- injected mice, as ADX of control mice decreased fasting plasma glucose levels and reduced liver glycogen and plasma insulin concentrations.

(Lohr)Tuesday Morning 10:57 AMH09 1 1/2 hours Percutaneous Ethanol Injection Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A 10-year Experience S. Shiina, MD, Tokyo, Japan * M. Omata, MD PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term effects of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed PEIT in 410 patients with HCC in the last 10 years. Under US observation, 2-10 mL of absolute ethanol was injected into the lesion in 1 treatment session, and the injection was repeated twice a week until the entire lesion became nonenhanced at the CT scan. RESULTS: Histopathologic examination after PEIT showed that the lesion was completely necrotic in 16 lesions, 90% necrotic in 6, and 70% necrotic in the remaining lesion. Furthermore, in 327 patients in which all lesions were treated by PEIT (potentially curable group), the 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-year survival rates were 93%, 66%, 45%, 39%, and 25%, respectively.

History:Epileptic for 7-8 years -- last 2 weeks has break through seizures and liver enzymes are elevated Serum Concentration #1: 48.4 ug/mL @ 3 h #2: none submitted Plot data from case on arithmetic graph paper May use same graph as you did for Case #1 & 2, if you wish make "y" axis 0 to 50 (mcg/mL serum) make "x" axis 0 to 14 (hours) plot concentration #1 (48.4 mcg/mL @ 3 h) Note there is no sample #2 The concentration is approximately 48.4 mcg/mL at 3 hours . Normally recommended maximum concentration is 40 mcg/mL Should the dose be decreased for Yukon? Concentration at "peak" (48.4 mcg/mL) is clearly above the maximum recommended level of 40 mcg/mL.

Vascular endothelial cells form a thin layer on the interior surface of all vessels and are known to function in a variety of important physiological processes. Essentially all of the endothelial cell functions involve interactions with neighbouring cells or extracellular matrix, in which the endothelial cell surface components must play an important role. Endothelial cells secrete a number of mediators (factors) which may elicit biological responses by various signal-transduction mechanisms. Such mediators are implicated in regulating the permeability of the endothelium and can promote chemotactic responses like inflammation and blood clotting. Thus, a network of interactions between cells, cellular factors, humoral factors and matrix components are involved in the endothelium alterations. Various pathogenous states of the endothelium, such as arteriosclerosis, are caused by disrupting the integrity of the endothelial barrier.

This article submitted by Bob McNulty on 5/11/95. I'm looking for reasons/technical references why Tegretol is the drug of choice over Dilantin for pediatric patients with complex partial seizures.1I am aware of possible gum hyperplasia, hirsutism, and problems assimilating niacin while on Dilantin. Here is a list of responses that have been posted to this article. Dilantin-Allergic Reaction (2/22/97) 10:39 PM I have taken both (12/11/96) 6:52 PM I have taken both (12/11/96) 6:47 PM I've taken both. Tegretol (10/7/96) 2:30 PM I've Taken Both (2/14/96) 20:05 lisa_causa@us.dell.com (1/22/96) 11:41 Tegretol & Toxic Hepatitis (11/21/95) 21:31 Tegretol & Toxic Hepatitis (11/21/95) 21:18 hmmmm (5/28/95) 6:16 PM (5/24/95) 5:21 PM You now have TWO OPTIONS: Post a new Article or post a Response to this Article

Stroke is the third most common cause of death in most Western countries and the most common cause of severe disability in people living in their own homes. The Stroke Group in the Department of Clinical Neurosciences at the Western General Hospital is not only the largest stroke research group in Europe, but is also responsible for caring for a large number of stroke patients in Edinburgh. There are presently five main areas of research: The International Stroke Trial is a randomised controlled trial testing aspirin, heparin, both or neither in acute ischaemic stroke. Also, much statistical work is being done on the present data to try and identify patients who are at particularly high risk of stroke without surgery and patients who are at particularly high risk of stroke as a consequence of surgery. Stroke Services are being evaluated in a number of observational studies in North Lothian and we are undertaking a randomised controlled trial of the effect of a Stroke Liaison Officer to act as a key worker for stroke survivors. Stroke (1992) 23: 1826-1839 Wardlaw, J M, Dennis, M S, Lindley, R I, Warlow, C P, Sandercock P A G, Sellar, R Does early reperfusion of a cerebral infarct influence cerebral infarct swelling in the acute stage or the final clinical outcome?

Transport of Carbon Dioxide by the Blood a. Physically Dissolved b. Carbamino Compounds c. Bicarbonate d. The Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve   Lecture 22: Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships:   This lecture will describe the importance of matching ventilation and perfusion in the lung. Tubular reabsorption and secretion a. fundamental aspects of epithelial cell structure and function 1) heterogenous membrane properties: basolateral vs apical membranes 2) tight junctions: leaky vs tight 3) primary and secondary active transport: primacy of sodium transport 4) passive transport 5) secretory mechanisms 6) importance of solute entry into cells 7) functional segmentation of the nephron b. the proximal tubule 1) reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water 2) reabsorption and secretion of other ions and organic solutes 3) effect on tubular fluid flow and composition 4) regulation of proximal reabsorption a) peritubular capillary uptake and glomerular tubular balance b) linkage of sodium uptake to the filtered load of other solutes c) hormonal effect: PTH and AII c. the loop of Henle 1) composition of the medullary interstitium 2) descending limb: passive equilibration with the medullary interstitium 3) ascending limb: the water impermeable diluting segment a) thin ascending limb b) thick ascending limb c) effect on tubular fluid flow and composition d. the distal tubule and collecting duct 1) similarities and differences between segments 2) sodium reabsorption: regulation by aldosterone and ANP 3) potassium secretion: regulation by aldosterone 4) water reabsorption: regulation by ADH 5) effect on urine flow and composition     Lecture 26: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion: Renal Clearance:   1. Measurement of renal function a. definitions: filtered load, excretion rate b. tubular transport: transport maximum c. the concept of clearance 1) use of inulin clearance to measure GFR 2) use of PAH to measure renal plasma flow 3) use of solute clearance to characterize tubular transport 4) clinical approximations: creatinine and urea   Lecture 27: Medullary Countercurrent System and Regulation of Body Fluid Osmolarity   1. Control of body fluid osmolarity by ADH and thirst a. concept of body water and solute balance b. cellular actions of ADH c. regulation of ADH secretion and thirst 1) plasma osmolarity 2) extracellular volume 3) other factors: AII, alcohol, "higher neural inputs"       Lecture 28: Regulation of renal sodium excretion and extracellular fluid volume   1. Regulation of plasma calcium, phosphate, and magnesium concentrations a. important organ systems: GI tract, bone kidney b. hormonal regulators and secretory regulation 1) parathyroid hormone (PTH) 2) vitamin D 3) calcitonin c. effects of PTH and vitamin D 1) effects on GI absorption 2) effects on bone uptake/release of calcium and phosphate 3) effects on renal handling of calcium and phosphate d. integrated responses to hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia     Lecture 30: Renal regulation of body acid-base balance:   1. Body buffer systems a. bicarbonate-CO2 buffer system 1) importance of respiratory regulation of CO2 and pH 2) Henderson-Hasselbach equation 3) buffering of fixed acids and bases b. phosphate, protein and other buffer systems     Lecture 31: Renal acid base disorders:   1.

SECTION 1- MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION Material name: Sodium Bicarbonate Chemical Family: Acid Salt Trade name: Sodium Bicarbonate SECTION 2- INGREDIENTS AND HAZARDS Sodium bicarbonate: 8.4% Hazard data/ toxicity: LD50 6-8 kg- oral- rat. Vapor density (air=1): No data available Conditions to avoid: None known SECTION 6-HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION SECTION 7- SPILL, LEAK, AND DISPOSAL PROCEDURES Spills, leaks: Sweep or mop up released material into suitable container.

NEW INSIGHTS INTO CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME NIH GUIDE, Volume 23, Number 29, August 5, 1994 PA NUMBER: PA-94-092 P.T. 34; K.W. 0715043 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases National Institute of Mental Health PURPOSE The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) invite investigator-initiated research grant applications to support research on the etiology, natural history, and pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Several observations reported in the literature merit further study to determine their biologic and/or epidemiologic basis, generalizability and/or role in CFS. These include, but are not limited to: o lymphocyte patterns suggestive of immune activation (e.g., alterations in T-cell subsets number and function, altered cytokine levels and function) o low levels of cortisol and corticotropin-releasing hormone in CFS patients in the absence of documented adrenal-hypothalamic axis dysfunction attributable to other causes o increased frequency of sleep disturbances (hypersomnia or insomnia) o overlapping symptomatology with fibromyalgia o low tolerance to physical exertion manifested by prolonged generalized fatigue after very moderate exercise o demographic risk factors (gender, age, race, socioeconomic class) o reactivation of latent viruses (e.g., use of sensitive and specific assays to measure viral reactivation in carefully defined and controlled specimens) o increased frequency of psychiatric diagnoses in CFS patients (except those that would exclude an individual from the CFS case definition) o increased frequency of atopy in CFS patients compared with the U.S. population as a whole o highly active lifestyle prior to onset of CFS Multidisciplinary studies and collaboration among investigators with expertise in appropriate disciplines are encouraged. STUDY POPULATIONS INCLUSION OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES IN RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS It is the policy of the NIH that women and members of minority groups and their subpopulations must be included in all NIH supported biomedical and behavioral research projects involving human subjects, unless a clear and compelling rationale and justification is provided that inclusion is inappropriate with respect to the health of the subjects or the purpose of the research. Application kits are available at most institutional offices of sponsored research and may be obtained from the Office of Grants Information, Division of Research Grants, National Institutes of Health, Westwood Building, Room 449, Bethesda, MD 20892, telephone (301) 594-7248. Each application must be identified by checking "YES" on line 2a of the PHS face page, and the number and title of this announcement must be typed in section 2a. FIRST (R29) applications must include at least three sealed letters of reference attached to the face page of the original application. Direct inquiries regarding programmatic issues to: Susan Spring, Ph.D. Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Solar Building, Room 3A14 6003 Executive Boulevard MSC 7630 Bethesda, MD 20892-7630 Telephone: (301) 496-7453 FAX: (301) 496-8030 Susana A. Serrate-Sztein, Ph.D Arthritis Branch National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Westwood Building, Room 405 Bethesda, MD 20892 Telephone: (301) 594-9953 FAX: (301) 594-9673 Fred Altman, Ph.D. Basic Prevention and Behavioral Medicine Research Branch National Institute of Mental Health Parklawn Building, Room 11C06 Rockville, MD 20857 Telephone: (301) 443-4337 FAX: (301) 443-4822 Direct inquiries regarding fiscal matters to: Ms.

Next ] publication date - 5/2/1997 The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) invite applications for basic and preclinical studies to increase knowledge of the role of microbes in the development and regulation of chronic pathologic immune responses. Exploitation of animal models of microbe-induced autoimmune disease to molecularly dissect the etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disease would be relevant. The knowledge developed through research into the mechanisms by which microbes break tolerance to self antigens should provide information about the underlying basis of autoimmunity. Relevant topics of research include, but are not limited to, the following: mechanisms by which pathogens initiate, potentiate, or perpetuate a chronic immune response; definition of the genetic susceptibility to chronic immunologic injury related to pathogens; molecular, cellular, immunologic, and biological mechanisms of a host autoimmune associated response to pathogens or pathogen products; exploitation of the known animal models of microbially-induced autoimmune disease and of the known animal models of autoimmunity for information on the role of infectious agents in their pathogenesis; examination of whether persistence of the pathogen in the host is necessary to cause disease, or cause the pathogen initiate a cascade of irreversible or reversible immunologic consequences; hypothesis-driven investigations to establish the role of infectious agents in the etiology of various human autoimmune diseases and to determine the fraction of cases attributable to infectious agents. The deadlines for applications are JUNE 1, October 1 and February 1.

When I first had them diagnosed, I was given Xanex. After 3 years of only using one prescription of Xanex, I recently ran out and called my doctor, the few drugs that will actually stop a panic attack. My question is this: Will Ativan stop an attack I hope I never have to take another pill to stop an attack but, as anyone that has ever had a true panic attack knows, it's nice to have the reassurance that

Typically the oculomotor findings are weakness of abduction (usually bilateral but not symmetrical), gaze evoked nystagmus, internuclear opthalmoplegia, vertical nystagmus in the primary position, and a decreased VOR. In monkeys and humans, lesions have been found cranial nerve nuclei III, IV, VI and VIII, as well as the thalamus, hypothalamus, periaquiductal gray, cerebellar vermis and the dorsal nucleus of the vagus. A cardinal cerebellar (floccular) eye sign is gaze-evoked nystagmus, though usually with an intact VOR. Accordingly, one can use the presence or absence of an intact VOR to help decide whether a patient with gaze-evoked nystagmus has a cerebellar (floccular) lesion, when the VOR is usually intact, or a lesion in the medulla in the region of the MVN and NPH, when the VOR may be impaired. Midbrain structures around the aqueduct are also affected and may lead to disorders of vertical eye movements and vergence including vertical gaze-palsies, convergence deficiency or excess, convergence-retractory nystagmus, etc. The differential diagnosis includes most commonly various brain stem and cerebellar syndromes due to vascular disease, including both hemorrhages and infarction and drug intoxications (especially anticonvulsants) but also basilar meningeal processes (bacterial (e.g. listeria), neoplastic, granulomatous, fungal, treponemes), viral encephalitis, acute hydrocephalus, paraneoplastic syndromes and rarely a peripheral vestibular disturbance.

In 1994, the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing published revised risk factors for identifying infants and young children at high risk for hearing loss. Following are the risk factors for neonates (0-28 days) from the Joint Committee Position Statement. Stigmata or other findings associated with syndromes known to include sensorineural and/or conductive hearing loss (e.g., Waardenburg or Usher's Syndrome). The Joint Committee Position Statement also lists risk factors for children (29 days - 3 years) who require periodic monitoring of hearing to detect delayed-onset of sensorineural and/or conductive hearing loss. Hearing evaluation is recommended at least every 6 months until age 3 years, and at appropriate intervals after age 3 for children having any of the following conditions. This is the appropiate method to assess hearing in neonates, infants up to six months of age, and older children who are difficult to test.

The CO2 concentration at which photosynthesis is equal to respiration 3. Show with graphs or explain the effect of temperature, light and CO2 levels on photosynthesis. light quality refers to the wavelengths of light while light quantity refers to the amount or intensity of light 11. List two other important effect of light on plants. List 5 uses of water by plants. List and explain 5 factors affecting transpiration.

The tricarboxylic acid pathway, also known as the Krebs cycle or the Citric Acid Cycle, is an aerobic process that occurs in the mitochondria. The acetyl CoA used in the Krebs cycle comes from pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, or from fatty acid oxidation or amino acid metabolism. This compound, known as hydroxyethyl TPP, then donates an acetyl group to the oxidized form of lipoamide, forming acetyldihydrolipoamide and regenerating TPP. The cycle involving the decarboxylation of pyruvate and the transfer of an acetyl group by TPP is known as pyruvate dehydrogenase or E1. This in turn can be used to reduce NAD+ to NADH, which can enter electron transport and form 3 ATP (or six, if you are doubling! Pyruvate dehydrogenase is downregulated when the ratio of NADH/NAD or acetyl CoA/CoASH is high. Glycolysis glucose to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (-2 ATP) glyceraldehyde-3-P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate +2 NADH (+6 ATP) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate (+2 ATP) PEP to pyruvate (+2 ATP) Krebs Cycle pyruvate dehydrogenase + 2 NADH (+6 ATP) isocitrate dehydrogenase + 2 NADH (+6 ATP) alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase + 2 NADH (+6 ATP) succinyl CoA synthetase + 2 GTP (+2 ATP) succinate dehydrogenase + 2 FADH2 (+4 ATP) malate dehydrogenase + 2 NADH (+6 ATP) TOTAL = 38 ATP PER GLUCOSE (39 FROM GLYCOGEN VIA G-1-P) Return to the Carbohydrate Metabolism Main Page

The patient must understand that the field loss is usually permanent and that corrective measures are compensatory rather than restorative. While treatment can make the patient more aware of information from the missing field, the size of the blind area will not be physically diminished. Prisms and Mirrors Optical treatment for hemianopia generally involves two types of devices: prisms and mirrors. Since the information is more readily retrieved by the patient, he or she can respond with greater speed and efficiency and with heightened awareness of information in the missing field. The clinician trains the patient to be aware of the deficit and to use a systematic pattern of frequent compensatory eye and head movements for scanning the blind field. The effectiveness of the training will vary from patient to patient, but there is almost always some improvement.

Index: What are Mitochondrial Myopathies? Mitochondria, which are small structures found in every cell in the body and are the "power plant" or energy-producing part of the cell, appear to cause the most damage in cells that require a great deal of energy such as nerves in the brain and muscles. Some of the more common mitochondrial myopathies include Kearns-Sayre syndrome, oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease with ragged-red fibers, myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF), and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). The symptoms of mitochondrial myopathies include muscle weakness or exercise intolerance, heart failure or rhythm disturbances, dementia, movement disorders, stroke-like episodes, deafness, blindness, vomiting, and seizures. TREATMENT: There is no specific treatment for any of the mitochondrial myopathies. PROGNOSIS: The prognosis for mitochondrial myopathies varies greatly because progression of the disorders depends largely on the patient's metabolism, which is vastly different among individuals.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the brain, affecting approximately 1 in 1000 of the general population. The symptoms comprise tremor, stiffness, slowness and unsteadiness, often leading to severe disability over 10-15 years. The cause is unknown, but the symptoms are related to deficiency of a chemical known as dopamine which is produced by nerve cells in a specific area of the brain called the substantisa nigra. Our work on motor neurone disease and Parkinson's disease coincides , because we are studying neurofilament proteins, which are known to accumulate in the affected nerve cells both in Parkinson's disease and in motor neurone disease. In MND, motor nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, the base of the brain (brain stem) and in the spinal cord degenerate, resulting in muscular wasting and weakness, with death due to involvement of the muscles controlling breathing. In order to study the biochemical and molecular causes of motor nerve cell degeneration, the team is developing tissue culture systems in order to study the effect of growth factors, free radicals and gene mutations.

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the basis of central nervous system dysfunction in diabetes associated with the 3243 mitochondrial tRNA mutation, we studied neuroimaging findings in patients with this disease. Those patients who had the 3243 mutation in leukocytes or muscle were enrolled. All the subjects underwent computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and N-isopropyl-p-[l23I]iodoamphetamine ([l23I]IMP) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain. CT or MRI revealed diffuse brain atrophy in three patients (33%) and cerebellar atrophy in one (11%). SPECT showed reduced accumulation of [123I]IMP in the right or left parieto-occipital region in eight patients (89%). CONCLUSIONS—Reduced accumulation of [123I]IMP in the parieto-occipital cortex was found in a high proportion of our subjects on SPECT.

Fenton reagents may not initiate lipid peroxidation in an emulsified linoleic acid model system. Diminution of singlet oxygen-induced DNA damage by curcumin and related antioxidants. Inhibition of NF-kB by sodium salicylate and aspirin. Transfection with human copper-zinc superoxide dimutase induces bidirectional alterations in other antioxidant enzymes, proteins, growth factor response, and paraquat resistance. N-acetylcysteine prevents TNF-induced mitochondrial damage, apoptosis and viral particle production in HIV-infected U937 cells. Isolated cerebral and cerebellar mitochondria production free radicals when exposed to elevated Ca2+ and Na+: Implications for neurodegeneration.

This medication is used to treat seizure disorders. Do not stop taking this drug suddenly without consulting your doctor as seizures may occur. While taking this medication, lab tests may be done, especially in the first few months, to check if the drug is working properly. If you ever had a bad reaction to amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline, or protriptyline, tell your doctor before taking carbamazepine. Tell your doctor of any over-the-counter or prescription medication you may take including other seizure medication, birth control pills, doxycycline, warfarin, danazol, erythromycin-like antibiotics, calcium channel blockers, lithium, haloperidol, cimetidine, propoxyphene and isoniazid. If you miss a dose, take as soon as remembered; do not take if it is almost time for the next dose, instead, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule.

Jean-Pierre Gagne Department of Communicative Disorders, Elborn College, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 1H1, Canada (Received 27 October 1987; accepted for publication 2 March 1988) Three experiments were conducted to determine whether listeners with a sensorineural hearing loss exhibited greater than normal amounts of masking at frequencies above the frequency of the masker. Excess masking was defined as the difference (in dB) between the masked thresholds actually obtained from a hearing-impaired listener and the expected thresholds calculated for the same individual. The expected thresholds were the power sum of the listener's thresholds in quiet and the average masked thresholds obtained from a group of normal-hearing subjects at the test frequency. Hearing-impaired listeners, with thresholds in quiet ranging from approximately 35-70 dB SPL (at test frequencies between 500-3000 Hz), displayed approximately 12-15 dB of maximum excess masking. The maximum amount of excess masking occurred in the region where the threshold in quiet of the hearing-impaired listener and the average normal masked threshold were equal. These findings indicate that listeners with a sensorineural hearing loss display one form of reduced frequency selectivity (i.e., abnormal upward spread of masking) even when their thresholds in quiet are taken into account.

Figure 3.7 Equilibrium of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate NUCLEIC ACIDS Figure 4.2 Chemical structures of RNA and DNA Figure 4.15b DNA structures from studies of molecular crystals: B-DNA Figure T3.4 Sequencing an oglionucleotide by the Maxam-Gilbert method PROTEINS Figure 5.3(part 1) The 20 amino acids that are incorporated into proteins Figure 9.25 Schematic model of the sodium-potassium pump ENZYMES Figure 10.3 Free energy diagrams for a simple reaction Figure 22.20 Three-dimensional model of thymidylate synthase INTEGRATION AND CONTROL OF METABOLIC PROCESSES Figure 23.3 Fuel storage, retrieval, and utilization in fed and unfed states Figure 24.35 Action of different components at a replication fork RESTRICTION, REPAIR AND RECOMBINATION Figure 25.1 Enzymatic basis for DNA restriction

For instance, a fast movement of the head to the RIGHT results in a compensatory reflex movement of BOTH eyes to the LEFT. For example, both eyes move to the LEFT following head movement to the the RIGHT. Neurons in the RIGHT vestibular nuclei project to the LEFT (contra. Lesion in the abducens nucleus results in the inability to turn both eyes IPSI. Lesion of the M.L.F. results in the inability to move the IPSI. Therefore, a lesion of the F.E.F. will result in inability to turn eyes past the midline upon attempted horizontal gaze to the CONTRA.

My wife has mitochondrial myopathy which also affects our two children. Hers is a complex multi-system disorder that involves primarily the muscles and brain but also affects the heart, liver and other organs of the body. The purpose of this site is to help people with mitochondrial myopathy find information and support. Most GP's haven't even heard of the disease. Many are of the opinion that if they didn't learn about it in med. school, it doesn't exist. Consequently, many people are left undiagnosed and are told that they are not sick ("it's all in your head") or that they are simply suffering from stress or depression. In reality, the disease does in fact exist. Just look up mitochondrial myopathy on a search engine and see the thousands of references. Many qualified genetic research Universities are on the Internet and publish quite a bit of technical information about the disease. At present there is no cure for the disease while treatments are being tested. There is always Hope. Especially with the fast breaking information highway of the Internet. At this point the only real help is Knowledge and Support. The Knowledge that the disease does in fact exist and that the symptoms are not all in your head was of invaluable comfort to my wife. The Support people with the disease give each other help to cope with the illness.

Much of the medical equipment found in the hospital is also available for home use. " They include equipment like hospital beds, walkers, commode chairs, and wheelchairs. If you are in the hospital, many people can help, including: Doctor Nurse Social worker Discharge planner They will suggest medical equipment for home use if you need it. If you are at home and need equipment, check the Yellow Pages of your phone book under "Hospital Equipment and Supplies" or "Pharmacies. In order for your insurance company to cover the cost, your doctor must write the company a letter stating a medical need for the equipment. These groups include: Your local American Cancer Society Unit Fire departments Churches or synagogues Home-health service There are many people who can help you with your equipment needs, including: Your doctor Your nurse Your social worker A local home health-care service Your local American Cancer Society Unit Oxygen may also be obtained from a medical equipment company.

Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan We studied the fates of the neocortical pyramidal neurons after callosotomy by using retrograd eneuronal labeling with two fluorescent tracers, fast blue(FB) and diamidinoyel1ow(DY). Male sibling Wistar rats underwent the first procedure at age 2 months; injection of 7% solution of FB unilaterally throughout the frontoparietal cortex via microsyringe with a 22G needle�DTwo Weeks later�Cthe rats were divided at random into two groups and underwent the second procedure; total cal1osotomy or sham operation�DFour�C8�Cand 20 weeks later, each rat underwent the third procedure; inection of 2�“ DY into the primary motor area opposite where the FB was injected. There was no big diffrence between callosotomy and sham operation with regard to morphology, distribution�Cand lamination of FB 1abeled pyramidal neurons in the neocortex on the side opposite where FB was injected. Double labeling of neurons with FB and DY was observed. This demonstrated that some of the FB labeled pyramidal neurons that once had callosal axons retained physiologic activities, even though their callosal axons were transected, because they showed evidence of retrograde axonal transport of DY via other collaterals from the ipsilateral primary motor area. We concluded that after callosotomy, those neurons that once had axons to the opposite side of neocortex via the corpus callosum do not disappear immediately but maintain physiologic activity.

Discuss the structure and function of proteins. Carbohydrates and certain proteins bind water and are termed hydrophilic (`water-loving') whereas nonpolar molecules (ex. Cell Recognition and Cell to Cell Signaling Lipids Structure: Extensive structures of primarily H and C linkages. Types: Due to different side chains, amino acids and the resulting proteins can have different levels of polarity ranging from hydrophobic, hydrophilic and amphipathic. Cell to Cell Communication: Receptor proteins within cell membranes receive external signals in the form of small molecules or voltage changes and initiate the cell's response. Types: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

Gene, disease, enzyme names may be abbreviated, truncated, etc. About MITOMAP NAR Vol 24(1):177-9 - MITOMAP: A human mitochondrial genome database How to cite MITOMAP Diseases associated with the human mitochondrial genome The Human Mitochondrial Sequence - browsing tools coming soon!

DESCRIPTION: Literally, "half vision;" a condition resulting from malfunction or damage to one side of the optic tract (see diagram below). Images from only one half of each eye reach the brain; thus, there is only reception of half-fields for each eye. TREATMENT: There is no treatment for hemianopia itself; the cause (e.g., tumor or hemorrhage) should be investigated and treated if possible. Visual fields losses can sometimes be alleviated with prism lenses, but their efficient use depends on the individual user (motivation, perceptual ability, etc. Reading may be affected, depending on whether the loss is in the right (in reading, the "anticipatory" field) or left fields. IMPLICATIONS: Examination of the diagram will suggest that different types of visual losses occur when sites of malfunction differ (e.g., a tumor affecting the optic chiasm will cause visual impairment in both eyes, but a tumor affecting either optic nerve will affect only one eye).

To this end, the lab has been developing animal models that should allow for the dissection of metabolic pathways at the level of the organism, and may shed light on the pathophysiology of selected human inborn errors of metabolism. One project in the lab involves an X-linked enzyme, glycerol kinase, that is required for the recycling of glycerol derived from the diet or from the turnover of endogenous triglycerides and other glycerolipids. To try understand the mechanism of disease and the role of glycerol kinase in normal metabolic homeostasis, we have isolated the mouse glycerol kinase gene and generated a mouse strain that is glycerol kinase deficient. VDACs are abundant mitochondrial outer membrane proteins that conduct anions (such as adenine nucleotides) or cations, depending on whether the channel is in an open or closed conformation. VDACs bind cytosolic kinases such as the hexokinases, glycerol kinase, and mitchondrial creatine kinase. We would like to test the idea that VDACs play an important role in energy productiony by binding specific kinases and conducting mitochondrial energy substrates.

Application of substance P (SP), a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator, to porcine coronary artery endothelial cells (PCAECs) results in release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores followed by extracellular Ca2+ influx. We tested the hypothesis that intracellular store depletion results in tyrosine phosphorylation which promotes Ca2+ influx. PCAECs labeled with antiphosphotyrosine antibody conjugated to fluorescene isothiocyanate showed a 3.3 - 3.4 fold increase in fluorescence in response to SP or 2, 5-Di-tert -butylhydroquinone (BHQ), an agent that depletes intracellular stores by inhibiting the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Pretreatment of PCAECs with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein or tyrphostin, induced a significant reduction in the plateau phase of SP-induced Ca2+ elevation with no effect on the release of Ca2+ from stores. Neither daidzein, a structurally similar but inactive analog of genistein, nor H7, a serine-threonine kinase inhibitor, affected SP-induced Ca2+ influx. Voltage-clamp recordings using the perforated patch technique with simultaneous Ca2+ measurements showed that intracellular Ca2+ elevation and inward current activated by SP and BHQ were reduced by 60 - 70 % in response to genistein.

Source: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993 Aug;56(8):900-5 Abstract: The clinical manifestations of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy are described in four generations of a single kindred. In some patients, deafness was the only manifestation; in others, recurrent bouts of status epilepticus associated with focal neurological deficits and headache, caused severe disability or death. Examples of all three adult forms of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy: MELAS, MERFF and Kearns Sayre syndrome, were represented within the kindred. Associated features included deafness, short stature, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, migraine, peptic ulceration and severe constipation. The nt 3243 A-G MELAS mutation was detected in two members of the kindred. This study highlights the diversity of clinical expression of a mitochondrial mutation within a single kindred Major Indexes: Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies [genetics] Minor Indexes: Adolescence Adult Aged Brain [radiography] Child, Preschool DNA [analysis] Middle Age Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies [pathology] [radiography] Muscles [pathology] [ultrastructure] Pedigree Tomography, X-Ray Computed Reagent Names: 9007-49-2 (DNA) Language: English

Gene, disease, enzyme names may be abbreviated, truncated, etc. All References - warning this is a rather large file! About MITOMAP NAR Vol 24(1):177-9 - MITOMAP: A human mitochondrial genome database How to cite MITOMAP Diseases associated with the human mitochondrial genome The Human Mitochondrial Sequence - browsing tools coming soon!

9th annual joint meeting of the Endocrine Society and Diabetes Association of R.O.C. March 1988, Taipei, Taiwan. 9th joint meeting of British Endocrine Societies.19-22, March, 1990, Glasgow, U.K. (J Endocrinol 1990;124(Suppl): abstract 160). 9th joint meeting of British Endocrine Societies.19-22, March,1990, Glasgow, U.K. (J Endocrinol 1990;124 (Suppl): abstract 162). Endothelin and endothelin receptors in human brain and pituitary gland. Presence of immunoreactive endothelin, endothelin-1 mRNA, endothelin receptors and its pharmacological effect in the gastrointestinal tract. Immunoreactive endothelin, endothelin mRNA and endothelin receptors in human brain and pituitary gland.

building blocks of protein; must all be present at the same time in order to make a complete protein. construction of body tissues including muscles. Like little packets of ready-to-use energy, ATP is readily immobilized and converted into available energy. Compared to monosaccharides or disaccharides (refined carbohydrates such as table sugar and white flour products), complex carbs require a prolonged enzymatic process for digestion and thus provide a slow, even and ideal flow of energy. This avoids fluctuations in glucose (blood sugar) levels which affect insulin levels and energy. The term also refers to refined carbohydrates: sweets and deserts made with sucrose, white flour and other simple sugars which create rapid and undesirable rises in blood sugar.

(Health Culture) Yogurt, kefir and some other health food items are milk fermented by the bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus (and other bacteria). Acidophulus and various of its products are said, without documentation, to lower cholesterol levels, clear the skin, extend life span and enhance immunity. People taking oral antibiotics over long periods of time may benefit from oral acidophilus or intravaginal acidophilus. The often heard, claims that cultures (no pun intended) in which yogurt is a primary staple of daily diet produce an excessive number of happy ancients are unproved. Make sure that the yogurt you eat contains Lactobacillus acidophilus. If you cant be sure whether a yogurt contains the bacteria, you might consider making your own yogurt.

Medline record 86243412 Title: Characterization of the alpha-cyanocinnamate binding site in rat heart mitochondria and in submitochondrial particles. Author(s): Paradies G; Ruggiero FM Source: Biochim Biophys Acta 1986 Jul 2;850(2):249-55 Abstract: The effect of pH and substrates on the binding of radiolabelled alpha-cyanocinnamate to mitochondria and submitochondrial particles has been investigated. It has been found that the binding is strongly influenced by the pH of the medium (it decreases on increasing the pH of the medium). The pH affects only the affinity of the alpha-cyanocinnamate binding site without changing their total number. The turnover number for pyruvate transport in rat-heart mitochondria has been determined Major Indexes: Cinnamates [metabolism] Mitochondria, Heart [metabolism] Minor Indexes: Binding Sites Carboxylic Acids [metabolism] Carrier Proteins [metabolism] Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Pyruvates [metabolism] Rats Submitochondrial Particles [metabolism] Reagent Names: 0 (Carboxylic Acids) 0 (Carrier Proteins) 0 (Cinnamates) 0 (Pyruvates) 1011-92-3 (alpha-cyanocinnamate) Language: English

Protease Inhibitors The short-term effects of triple combinations of antiviral drugs including a protease inhibitor as one element were reported at the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, held in Washington, DC, from January 28 to February 1, 1996. Even more important, data from a randomized, placebo-controlled study of ritonavir (Norvir) in 1,090 volunteers with CD4 counts less than 100 cells/mm3 showed a striking survival benefit for those taking the protease inhibitor. Gore Meets Pharmaceutical Firms and Government Researchers On February 20, 1996, Vice President Al Gore met with representatives from 11 pharmaceutical companies, leading AIDS researchers and officials from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Department of Defense and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Steven Deeks, MD, of San Francisco General Hospital, and Suzanne Ildstad, MD, of the University of Pennsylvania, prepared Getty with partial radiation therapy to remove any immune cells that might compete with the transplant. Doxil Approved for Treatment of KS On February 15, 1996, Sequus Pharmaceuticals announced that FDA and similar approval agencies in 15 European countries have approved the sale of liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) for the treatment of KaposiÕs sarcoma, a cancerous condition that affects 10-12% of people with AIDS in the United States. New Preventive Vaccine Study The AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group (AVEG) at the NIH has approved the initiation of a study of a new genetically engineered HIV vaccine in 140 volunteers at 6 sites in the U.S. The vaccine is the result of a collaboration between Pasteur M

Programs: BMB, GMB (404)727-3346 Research:We are studying the genetics of the human mitochondrion and the role of mitochondrial genes in human evolution and disease. The genes for OXPHOS are distributed between the nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the mtDNA coding for 13 of the OXPHOS genes as well as the rRNA and tRNA genes for their expression. The Americas were also populated by at least two migrations, an early migration which gave rise to the Paleo-Indians of North, Central, and South America and a second, much later migration which yielded the Na-D- n- of northwestern Alaska and Canada as well as the Navaho and Apache. Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fiber disease are maternally inherited forms of epilepsy associated with deafness and muscle pathology due to a mutation in the mtDNA tRNALys gene. In transformed cells, both nDNA and mtDNA OXPHOS genes are coordinately induced. Current studies on the regulation of OXPHOS genes by transcriptional control elements like the OXBOX and REBOX are providing new insights into the development regulation of cellular energetics and the pathophysiology of disease.

Dopaminergic Modulation of Responses Evoked by Activation of Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors in the Neostriatum is Dependent upon Specific Receptor Subtypes; 17. This book covers a wide range of subjects on the molecular mechanisms which contribute to morphological, chemical, and physiological profiles in the striatum. Chapters have been contributed by the leaders in the field which describe the newest and most exciting aspects of their research endeavors on inter-striatal communication via receptor interactions, neuron-glial interactions, and participation of different signaling systems at the transmitter and second messenger level of involvement. This book is unique, as it gathers this information into one source. This book is about the role of both defects in oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. the result of animal studies using mitochondrial toxins such as MPTP and 3-nitropropionic acid are described, as well as effects in man.

Cardiovascular pathology Introduction to atherosclerosis Fatty streaks Light microscopy of atherosclerosis American Heart Association classification of atherosclerosis Complications of atherosclerosis Monckeberg's medial calcinosis Examination of the junction between the plaque and the normal arterial wall at higher magnification shows that the intima is also thickened away from the plaque. Type IV lesions (advanced lesions) are defined as those in which the accumulation of lipid in the intima is associated with intimal disorganization and thickening, deformity of the arterial wall, and often with complications such as thrombosis, fissure and haematoma. You can compare the intima where it is normal (at the left hand edge) with the thickness of the intima where the plaque is present (in the centre) by tracing the internal elastic lamina. As the plaque grows in size, the distance from the vessel lumen to the medial smooth muscle cells underneath the plaque becomes too great, smooth muscle cells die, and the media becomes thinned. There are five major complications of type IV atherosclerotic plaques Thrombosis Haemorrhage into a plaque ('fissuring') Aneurysm formation Dystrophic calcification Embolism

Research discussions between scientists engaged in cardiovascular research Cell biology research. Discussions about mutation research. Biological nitrogen fixation research. Population biology research. Discussions about Schistosoma research (Moderated)

116: AOYAMA-KONDO Tatsuko, YOSHIDA Tomoaki, ISOBE Ken-ichi, NAKAYAMA Atsuo, ASAI Junpei, OKA Toru, NAKASHIMA Izumi: Characterization of antibody responses of lo cal lymph nodes to antigen given under the oral submucosa: Immunobiology 184: 37 2-383, 1992 117: BAN Shin-ichi, MORI Naoyoshi, SAITO Kiyoshi, MIZUKAMI Katsuyoshi, SUZUKI To shihito, SHIRAISHI Hiroyasu: An autopsy case of mitochondrial encephalopathy(MEL AS) with special reference to extra-neuromuscutar abnormalitieds: Acta Pathol Jp n 42: 818-825, 1992 118: FUJII Yasuaki, KATO Nobuo, KITOH Junzoh, ASAI Junpei, YOKOCHI Takashi: Expe rimental autoimuune adrenalitis: a murine model for Addison's disease: Autoimmun ity 12: 47-52, 1992 119: IIJIMA Tatsuo, SUMAZAKI Ryo, MORI Naoyoshi, OKA Kuniyuki, NAGAI Yohji, SHIB AZAKI Masanao, TAKITA Hitoshi, OGATA Takesaburo: A pathological and immunohistio logical case report of fatal infectious mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus infect ion, demonstrated by in situ and Southern blot hybridization: Virchows Arch A Pa thol Anat Histopathol 421: 73-78, 1992 120: ISHIDO Tatsuya, MORI Naoyoshi: Primary gastric plasmacytoma: a morphologica l and immunohistochemical study of five cases: Am J Gastroenterol 87: 875-878, 1 992 121: KOSHIKAWA T., NAKAMURA S., HAYASHI K., KITO K., OKUDA K., FUSE K., KURITA S . (eds): Lymphoreticular cells: fundamentals and pathology.

In order to understand gene regulation, we need to know not only about transcription rates, but also about what controls the stability of mRNAs. In contrast to transcriptional regulation, however, little is known about the molecular process that regulates the fate mRNAs. Publications 1993-Present: Min, J.J. and Zassenhaus, H.P. (1993) A nucleotide triphosphate-regulated, 3' exonucleolytic mechanism is involved in turnover of yeast mitochondrial RNAs. Hofmann, T.J., Min, J. and Zassenhaus, H.P. (1993) Formation of the 3' end of yeast mitochondrial mRNAs occurs by site-specific cleavage two bases downstream of a conserved dodecamer sequence. Min, J., and Zassenhaus, H.P. (1993) Identification of a protein complex that binds to a dodecamer sequence found at the 3' ends of yeast mitochondrial mRNAs. Jennison, S.H., Zhang, D., Wolford, T.L., Miller, L.W., and Zassenhaus, H.P. (1994) Cellular ischemia and mitochondrial DNA mutations : an association with cardiac graft vasculopathy.

Dealing with the aftermath of stroke is what the American Heart Association's Stroke Connection is all about. The goal of the Stroke Connection is to provide a forum for stroke survivors, their family members and the professionals who serve them and to share information and experiences related to living with stroke. Through sharing of information and experiences, the Stroke Connection assists individuals in finding the information and support they need. The Stroke Connection gathers information on stroke and activities that can be used by stroke groups to promote awareness of stroke. The Stroke Connection magazine provides information on coping with stroke and includes real-life experiences from people across the nation. For information about these valuable services to stroke survivors, caregivers and the health professionals who serve them, contact your local AHA or the Stroke Connection at 1-800-553-6321.

In earlier studies, the kinetics and reagent-sensitivity of K[+ ] and Mg [++] transport into mitochondria , were characterized using radioisotope tracers. Experimental approaches for membrane protein purification and analysis employed in these studies include affinity chromatography, isoelectric focussing, SDS-PAGE, polyclonal antibody preparation, western blotting, and peptide sequencing. Diwan received her A.B. degree in Physiology from Mount Holyoke College (1962) and her Ph.D. degree in Physiology with H. Tedeschi from the University of Illinois (1967). Diwan joined Rensselaer as an Assistant Professor in 1969 , was promoted to Associate Professor in 1975, and to Professor in 1991. Diwan is member of the following professional societies: Biophysical Society, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Society for Cell Biology, AAAS, and Association for Women in Science. Diwan has served on the Executive Committee of the U.S. Bioenergetics Group, a subgroup of the Biophysical Society.

The human mitochondrial DNA Retrieve the sequence of human mitochondrial DNA Report of the committee on human mitochondrial DNA Primer How should I select a set of primers to use for PCR? Primer list published on the internet PrimerDesign: A program to avoid repeated seqences for primer evaluation Repeats of the human mitochondrial genome Unique sequences of the human mitochondrial genome PrimerDesign: A program to avoid repeated sequences for primer evaluation PrimerDesign is a DOS-program to choose primer for PCR or oligonucleotide probes. Repeats StrandRepeat length Forward8910111213 Reverse8910111213 Both 8910111213 Files created by PrimerDesign [Top of Page] Repeats StrandRepeat length Forward8910111213 Reverse8910111213 Both 8910111213 Files created by PrimerDesign [Top of Page]

Select image: 7.1 (1) Energy for Life7.1 (2) Energy for Life7.2 (1) Structure of ATP7.2 (2) Structure of ATP7.3 Formation and Use of ATP7.4 Oxidation and Reduction Are Coupled7.5 NAD Exists in Two Forms7.6 NAD Is an Energy Carrier7.7 (1) Enzymes Catalyze Substrate-Level Phosphorylation7.7 (2) Enzymes Catalyze Substrate-Level Phosphorylation7.8 Membranes Support Chemiosmotic ATP Production7.9 (1) Pathways and Locations of Energy Release in Cells7.9 (2) Pathways and Locations of Energy Release in Cells7.11 (1) Glycolysis Converts Glucose to Pyruvate7.11 (2) Glycolysis Converts Glucose to Pyruvate7.11 (3) Glycolysis Converts Glucose to Pyruvate7.11 (4) Glycolysis Converts Glucose to Pyruvate7.12 (1) Free Energy Changes during Glycolysis7.12 (2) Free Energy Changes during Glycolysis7.13 (1) The Citric Acid Cycle7.13 (2) The Citric Acid Cycle7.13 (3) The Citric Acid Cycle7.13 (4) The Citric Acid Cycle7.13 (5) The Citric Acid Cycle7.14 (1) The Citric Acid Cycle Releases Much More Free Energy Than Glycolysis Does7.14 (2) The Citric Acid Cycle Releases Much More Free Energy Than Glycolysis Does7.15 The Oxidation of NADH + H+7.16 The Complete Respiratory Chain7.17 Reactions in the Mitochondrion7.18 (1) A Chemiosmotic Mechanism Produces ATP7.18 (2) A Chemiosmotic Mechanism Produces ATP7.19 Lactic Acid Fermentation7.20 The Basis for the Brewing Industry7.21 (1) Cellular Respiration Yields More Energy Than Glycolysis Does7.21 (2) Cellular Respiration Yields More Energy Than Glycolysis Does7.21 (3) Cellular Respiration Yields More Energy Than Glycolysis Does7.22 Allosteric Regulation7.23 (1) Feedback Regulation of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle7.23 (2) Feedback Regulation of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle7.23 (3) Feedback Regulation of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle7.23 (4) Feedback Regulation of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle

19) Ferreira, G.C., Vajapey, U., Hafex, O. & Barber, M.J. (1995), "Aminolevulinate Synthase: Lysine 313 is not Essential for Binding the Pyridoxal Phosphate Cofactor but is Essential for Catalysis", Prot.

> /////// > There are several alternatives: > 1. ativan causes amnesia and even if there is some pain, it is quickly > forgotten. The local anesthetics are painful to administer - this is in part because > the solution is slightly acidic, which helps keep the drug soluble. If the > novocaine or lidocaine is mixed with a small amount of bicarbonate, it > hurts less. ///////// you are quite right, which is why you cannot buy lidocaine or novocaine in that form, but if done carefully, it is possible and works rather well. We have a pharamcist in the office that mixes it for us, but it can also be done by the doctor if he/she is careful J. Antin, MD > ///////////// Marie cote@pegasus.rutgers.edu

) Notice that the above definitions of "genetic disease" ignore the other, equally important, "acquired genetic diseases", i.e., tumors, in which defective genes are propagated and accumulate within clones of cells in a single organism. "Diseases that cluster within families" can include classic genetic diseases, polygenic disease, mysterious things (more on "SIDS" later in the course), heritable viruses, nutritional stuff, environmental stuff ("Is that lead paint peeling from the walls? Congenital disease: a disease present at birth. Unlike more familiar syndromes, these diseases get worse from generation to generation as the amplification continues (anticipation or Sherman's paradox, long- noted in myotonic dystrophy, means the disease appears sooner in the son than in the father). " is now abundantly invalidated by studies of the origins of modern genes from mutations (base-pair substitutions, recombinations, even frame-shifts; see Nature 306: 203, 1983) of genes which once did something else. Polygenic inheritance: diseases that are caused or significant modulated by several different abnormal genes Multifactorial etiology: despite "Big Robbins", this may mean either "caused by several abnormal genes" or "requiring both abnormal genes and an abnormal environment".

        About Brain Injury Understanding Coma Coma is a prolonged period of unconsciousness. Coma differs from sleep in that one cannot be aroused from a coma. Coma involves two different concepts: 1. ) Reactivity: Reactivity refers to the innate (or inborn) functions of the brain, i.e., the telereceptors (eyes and ears), the nociceptors (responses to pain), the arousal reaction (wakefulness) and the orienting response (turning one's head toward the source of sound or movement). ) Perceptivity: Perceptivity refers to the responses of the nervous system to stimuli, which have been learned or acquired, i.e., language, communication skills, individual methods of movement such as gestures, etc. A person in a coma does not exhibit reactivity or perceptivity.

netsim uses a set of N neurons, without limitation on N. Each neuron is uniquely referenced by its ordinal number, ranging from 0 to N-1. netsim is able to simulate different types (i.e. different models) of neurons simultaneously, assembled in a global network. In the current version, only T=4 different models of neurons have been implemented, and assigned the following tags: t=0: Test neuron, for debugging t=1: Pacemaker neuron, generating regular trains of pulses t=2: Leaky-Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) neuron t=3: Coincidence-Detector (CD) neuron The set of neurons is defined by N dimension vector, with each component representing the tag of the nth neuron. Example: {1,0,2,2,2,3} is a network with 6 neurons, with neuron #0 defined as a pacemaker, neuron #1 a test neuron, then three LIF neurons, and neuron #5 a CD neuron. The first one links output of neuron #0 to neuron #1 with a delay of 1.5 ms and an excitatory weight of 0.1. The third connection links neuron #2 to neuron #1 with an inhibitory synapse and a long delay of 11 ms. Each row corresponds to one of the neuron in the network: row r defines the clamping instants for neuron #r. Each component in the row is a time (in ms) when a spike will be issued to neuron #r. These times should be sorted in ascending order.

Index: What is Leigh's Disease? Symptoms of Leigh's disease, a rapidly progressive disorder, usually begin between the ages of 3 months and 2 years. PROGNOSIS: The prognosis for individuals with Leigh's disease is poor. Occasionally, patients may live to be 6 or 7 years of age and a few patients have survived to the mid-teenage years. RESEARCH: The NINDS supports and encourages a broad range of basic and clinical research on neurogenetic disorders such as Leigh's disease. This article, available from a medical library, may provide more in-depth information on Leigh's disease: van Erven, P, Cillessen, J, Eekhoff, E, Gabreels, F, Doesburg, W, Lemmens, W, Sloof, J, Renier, W, and Ruitenbeek, W. "Leigh Syndrome, a Mitochrondrial Encephalo(myo)pathy." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 89:4; 217-230 (1987).

Measurement of the respiratory electron transport system (ETS) activity in marine sediments: state-of-the-art and interpretation. I. Methodology and review of literature data ABSTRACT: Respiration, the biochemical transfer of electrons along respiratory chains, provides energy for maintenance and growth. Measurements of the activity of the respiratory electron transport system (ETS) have been adapted for marine studies since the 1970s. In this paper, the application of ETS activity measurements to marine sediment samples is discussed and a review of literature data is presented. Published data show that ETS activity in marine surface sediments, expressed at 20* For sediments from oligotrophic areas, the gradient is regular and ETS becomes undetectable deeper than 10 to 15 cm. However, in coastal zones, high subsurface activity levels are often found just below the oxic zone, and ETS activity is still present in deep (more than 30 cm), anoxic layers.

9 issue of Nature, shows that the proteins, called neurotrophins, can foster brain cell growth, and that they might offer treatment for diseases involving gain or loss of brain cell connections. Graduate student Kimberley McAllister, Lo and Katz reported finding that different regions of the brainÕs visual cortex sprout connections, called dendrites, in response to different neurotrophins. Even if these diseases do not arise specifically from such defects, neurotrophins might be useful in treating them.Ó In the second paper, in Neuron, McAllister, Lo and Katz explored whether different parts of the visual cortex responded particularly to specific neurotrophins. In their experiments, the scientists provided different neurotrophins -- NGF, BDNF, NT-3 or NT-4 -- to slices of infant ferret brain cortex, maintained in tissue culture. ÒThey also open the way for promising further research that could have a profound impact on basic understanding of brain development and of learning and memory, as well as clinical treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy.Ó According to Lo and Katz, future research will aim at understanding in detail the complex machinery by which brain cells produce neurotrophins and translate the chemical signals they represent into strengthened connections. Besides NIH support for the experiments, the Duke scientists also received critical materials for these experiments, including neurotrophins, from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals of Tarrytown, N.Y. These experiments would not have been possible, the scientists said, without this kind of interaction and collaboration between academic scientists and biotechnology companies.

Title: Effect of hyperthyroidism on the transport of pyruvate in rat-heart mitochondria. Source: Biochim Biophys Acta 1988 Aug 17;935(1):79-86 Abstract: A comparative study of the transport of pyruvate in heart mitochondria from normal and triiodothyronine-treated rats has been carried out. It has been found that the rate of carrier-mediated (alpha-cyanocinnamate-sensitive) pyruvate uptake is significantly enhanced in mitochondria from triiodothyronine-treated rats as compared with mitochondria from control rats. The enhanced rate of pyruvate uptake is not dependent on the increase of the transmembrane delta pH value (both mitochondria from normal and triiodothyronine-treated rats exhibit the same delta pH value) neither does it depend on the increase of the pyruvate carrier molecules (titration of these last with alpha-cyanocinnamate gives the same total number of binding sites). the pyruvate-dependent oxygen uptake is stimulated by 35-40% in mitochondria from hyperthyroid rats when compared with mitochondria from control rats. It is suggested that the changes in the kinetic parameters of pyruvate transport in mitochondria from hyperthyroid rats involve hormone-mediated changes in the lipid composition of the mitochondrial membranes which in turn modulate the activity of the pyruvate carrier Major Indexes: Hyperthyroidism [metabolism] Mitochondria, Heart [metabolism] Pyruvates [metabolism] Minor Indexes: Biological Transport [drug effects] Carrier Proteins [metabolism] Cinnamates [metabolism] Fatty Acids [metabolism] Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Hyperthyroidism [physiopathology] Intracellular Membranes [metabolism] Kinetics Mitochondria, Heart [drug effects] Phospholipids [metabolism] Rats, Inbred Strains Rats Receptors, Cell Surface [analysis] Triiodothyronine [pharmacology] Reagent Names: 0 (pyruvate transport protein) 0 (Carrier Proteins) 0 (Cinnamates) 0 (Fatty Acids) 0 (Phospholipids) 0 (Pyruvates) 0 (Receptors, Cell Surface) 1011-92-3 (alpha-cyanocinnamate) 127-17-3 (pyruvic acid) 6893-02-3 (Triiodothyronine) Language: English

The prognosis for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors is extremely poor. Even in the case of small nodular lesions detected by US screening, patients receiving no treatment showed a mean 3-year survival rate of 12% (29). Among nonsurgical options, Percutaneous Ethanol Injection (PEI) can be considered the treatment of choice for patients with small (3 cm or less in diameter) HCC tumors. Studies in Japan and in Italy demonstrated the possibility to achieve complete alcohol-induced necrosis of such small lesions, without adverse effects on the noncancerous liver parenchyma (10,11). The combination of TACE and PEI seems to be a highly effective treatment for large HCC also in the instances when daughter nodules are associated with a main tumor (18). The presence of the capsule significantly enhances the chances of success and should be considered an important requirement when selecting patients to be submitted to TACE and PEI (18).

Phospholipase C isoforms catalyze the cleavage of phosphatidyl inositol bis-phosphate (PIP2) to inositol-1,3,4-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Both of these products act as second messengers, IP3, is the signal for calcium release; DAG is an activator of protein kinase C. We have over-expressed PLCd1 and 3 isoforms in E. coli and are studying their regulatory features. ABP has been shown to be a regulatory protein in the cascade involving ataxia-teleangiectasia complementing protein (ATDC) in the pathway of DNA repair. For example, heart myocytes release adenosine in response to increased work load. The released adenosine binds to receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells of the coronary blood vessels. The adenosine signal is destroyed by adenosine deaminase.

We have proposed that an interaction between perivascular macrophages and endothelium via cytokines could underlie the increased risk of stroke in hypertension. Therefore, the activation of monocytes, the endothelial expression of ICAM-1 and the numbers of monocyte/ macrophages in carotid arteries as well as the cytokine production in carotid tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. The total number of blood monocytes (890+/-153 cells/mm3, n=10), and the number of activated (nitroblue tetrazolium-positive) monocytes (220+/-51 cells/mm3, n=10) were significantly greater (p&LT0.05) in SHR than in WKY rats (440+/-81 cells/mm3 and 40+/-16 cells/mm3, respectively, n=10). Patchy endothelial expression of ICAM-1 was found in 77+/-9% of carotid sections from stroke-prone SHR (SHR-SP, n=5) and in 75+/ -7% of the sections from SHR (n=7) but none of the sections from the two normotensive rat strains (n=7). The number of endothelium -attached monocyte/macrophages per millimeter of internal elastic lamina was significantly greater in SHR-SP than in SHR (5.1+/-0.7, n=4 and 3.3+/-0.3, n=6 p&LT0.05) while no monocytes were found around the endothelium in either of the normotensive rat strains (n=7 in each group). Incubation of the SHR carotid arteries with lipopolysaccharide (30-300 ng/ml) induced a concentration-dependent expression of mRNAs for IL-1 and release of TNF-[alpha] to a significantly greater degree than in the Wistar-Kyoto rats.

Lew Stone wrote: > > > I'm not familiar with Atrovent-- what exactly is that? Is the plan for him to > receive that on a daily, long-term basis? > They state that the long-term effects are unknown--- in particular, > the local effects on development of the child's mouth, pharynx trachea > and lungs! I know I must weigh the benefits with the risk, but does > anyone know of any dangers in long-term use of inhaled steroids in > young children? > > Thanks, > Stephanie Stone Atrovent is a nebulized medication more often used for emphysema and other lung disease than for asthma. References: inhaled steroids From: lewstone@worldnet.att.net (Lew Stone) Re: inhaled steroids From: Mary <morrismc@ix.netcom.com> Re: inhaled steroids From: lewstone@worldnet.att.net (Lew Stone) Re: inhaled steroids From: Mary <morrismc@ix.netcom.com> Re: inhaled steroids From: James & Laura Smith <jailsmit@gvi.net> Re: inhaled steroids From: lewstone@worldnet.att.net (Lew Stone)

Extensive studies show CoQ10 can nutritionally support: Cardiovascular Health Your Body's Natural Defense System Cellular Energy Levels for Stamina and Endurance Healthy Gum Tissue Every living thing that relies on respiration to produce energy contains the nutrient CoQ because CoQ supplies the energy for respitation. Extensive clinical studies have documented that CoQ10 is integral in the generation of approximately 95% of the total energy required by the human body. This process resembles what biologists call the "electron transport system," which is a chain of chemical reactions that produce energy. Just as the car needs a spark to ignite a complex mechanical process, our bodies need a spark to "ignite" the chemical chain reaction that creates cellular energy. : if you are low or deficient in the coenzyme, supplementation will correct that deficiency; if your level of CoQ10 is normal, however, the addition of CoQ10 will usually have little or no effect on your body, except possibly give you a greater feeling of energy and mental clarity.

Obviously, I cannot be your doctor, cannot substitute for a physician of your own, and cannot diagnose or treat over the 'web. Whether you are a medical student seeking a study guide, or a sick person seeking answers, you must understand that these notes, and any correspondence we may have, are provided for informational purposes only, and with the understanding that I am not engaged in rendering medical or professional services. Exam 2, 1994-1995 "Suppose the media reports that fingerpainting in kindergarten causes cancer. Exam 3, 1994-1995 "Should I pay $5000 to radon-proof my home? Exam 4, 1994-1995 "You have just been appointed surgeon-general. Exam 1, 1995-1996 "What killed the second twin?

Case courtesy of Dr Michael Crouch This middle aged lady presented with five days of severe headache and vomiting. She was found to have a mild left homonymous hemianopia. Seventeen years earlier she had developed seizures of the left leg, which were successfully controlled with phenytoin. What might the unenhanced scans (not shown) have demonstrated?

The Muscular Dystrophy Association provides written information on the major disorders. It can also help with many aspects of services available for people with disabilities. This includes areas such as government services and benefits, health and welfare agencies, transport, access, diet, social activities and research. The Muscular Dystrophy Association holds regular gatherings for interested people to listen to speakers on various aspects of living with a nerve or muscle disorder. All services are provided free to people with nerve and muscle disorders and their families. The Muscular Dystrophy Association can help people to live and cope with the physical and psychological effects of the disorders, but as yet there is no cure for most of the nerve and muscle disorders.

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) encourage the submission of research grant applications to investigate the potential for gene therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Examples of relevant areas of research include, but are not limited to : improve methods to express dystrophin cDNAs in viral vectors; develop techniques to increase the penetration of gene constructs into the muscle cells and their nuclei and to enhance the dispersion of injected gene constructs or myoblasts; develop strategies to enhance the efficiency of myoblast transfer therapy; investigate the feasibility of the 6.3 kb cDNA for genetic therapy; find alternative mechanisms to increase levels of existing dystrophin; and assess the feasibility of injecting DNA directly into muscle cells. The deadline for submission of applications is JUNE 1, October 1 and February 1. Note: Requests from non- University of Florida personnel can not be honored. Request materials related to this article only. Check your shopping list or place your order.

http://www.x.e-volve.com/features/epilipsy.html If You Have Epilepsy That Is Difficult To Control

Typically, "Acidophilus" refers to Lactobacillus acidophilus. It is a friendly bacteria that consumes sugars and produces lactic acid. L. acidophilus is sometimes referred to as a lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid in the gastrointestinal tract and this helps prevent the growth of harmful bacteria (pathogens). If there are enough lactobacilli present in the gut, then the lactose can be digested by the bacteria and not produce gas and other uncomfortable effects. People that have had the natural balance of friendly intestinal flora disturbed need Super Blue Green Acidophilus to help restore their digestive system to optimal health.

Wallace is the Robert W. Woodruff Professor of Molecular Genetics and Chairman of the Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at Emory University Here are his home page, research interests and a local copy. Wallace is a co-author of the Report of the committee on human mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial myopathy with anemia, cardiomyopathy, and lactic acidosis: a distinct late onset mitochondrial disorder. Mitochondrial DNA expression in mitochondrial myopathies and coordinated expression of nuclear genes involved in ATP production. Mitochondrial tRNA(Thr) mutations and lethal infantile mitochondrial myopathy [letter] Assignment of two mitochondrially synthesized polypeptides to human mitochondrial DNA and their use in the study of intracellular mitochondrial interaction.

Endothelium Restenosis Shock Microcirculation EDRF Nitric Oxide Hypoxia Atherosclerosis Coronary Physiology The Role of Endothelium in Regulation of Vascular Structure and Function; Adaptation Mechanisms of the Coronary Microcirculation in Hypoxemia Our laboratory's research interests are in two principal areas: 1) the role of the endothelium in the regulation of vascular structure and function and 2) the mechanisms of adaptation of the coronary microcirculation to hypoxemia. The research is focused on endothelial control of vasomotion in coronary microvessels via synthesis and release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, and the influence of hypoxia, atherosclerosis, and collateral formation on endothelial function. The importance of the research relates to the primary role of the microcirculation in controlling coronary blood flow, and the influence of a variety of disease states on the regulation of blood flow. The laboratory also maintains an active research program in the area of septic shock, the regulation of EDRF synthesis and the mechanisms whereby diseases such as endotoxemia and atherosclerosis importantly influence EDREF activity are virtually unknown. The Role of Endothelium in Regulation of Vascular Structure and Function; Adaptation Mechanisms of the Coronary Microcirculation in Hypoxemia Our laboratory's research interests are in two principal areas: 1) the role of the endothelium in the regulation of vascular structure and function and 2) the mechanisms of adaptation of the coronary microcirculation to hypoxemia. The laboratory also maintains an active research program in the area of septic shock, the regulation of EDRF synthesis and the mechanisms whereby diseases such as endotoxemia and atherosclerosis importantly influence EDREF activity are virtually unknown.

Support groups are run by and for people with neuromuscular conditions, and their families and friends. Support groups can put you in touch with like-minded families, or people who have already coped with the situations with which you are dealing. As one person attending a support group commented: "Although I've got sympathetic and able-bodied friends, they don't fully understand. People in a support group know exactly what you're talking about. The support groups listed below offer a variety of services. Most run a newsletter, give out information, have an annual general meeting and can put people in touch with other families and individuals.

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Recent research has dramatically revealed that RNA has many different functions and some surprising properties. These discoveries have reawakened interest in a prebiotic era imagined first by Francis Crick, Leslie Orgel and Carl Woese, when evolution depended solely on replicating RNA. This unique book is an exploration of the RNA world_its present, past and potential. it offers a uniquely authoritative account of research on RNA catalysis in biological systems, and theories of how these surviving functions reflect the properties of a prebiotic world of RNA. the snapshot presented in The RNA World captures provocative evolutionary thought, sound basic science, and a framework for future development of RNA as a reagent for the laboratory and the clinic. The book was named for the RNA world hypothesis, which posits that all modern life forms descended from a primordial self-replicating entity, reliant on RNA for both its genetic and enzymatic properties.

The findings of the three studies lend support to a controversial theory that a person's risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease or stroke, may be determined by poor nutrition during fetal life and infancy. According to this theory the lack of adequate nutrition damages the tissues of the developing fetus and growing infant, causing changes in the way organs form and how they function. These changes, the theory holds, cause a metabolic imbalance that programs the body to develop coronary artery disease, stroke and other cardiovascular disorders later in life. Barker is the leading proponent of this theory, which is called the ``Barker hypothesis.'' Barker and his colleagues have speculated that malnutrition that occurs at different stages of fetal development may cause different diseases later in life. In the case of stroke, for instance, the risk was higher in men whose birth weight and placental weight were lower than would be expected, indicating that they were poorly nourished toward the end of the pregnancy. If, indeed, the size of a person's mother's pelvis was responsible for these patterns of fetal growth, the mother's nutrition early in her life, when the bones of her pelvis are forming, may actually have an effect on the child's risk of suffering a stroke, the researchers say.

Causes of familial stroke Causes of familial stroke I am a neurologist, but not a stroke expert. In addition to the well known risk factors, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, several hereditary factors have been identified which predispose to stroke:1. Homocysteinuria is an elevation in the body's level of the amino acid homocysteine, caused by various mutations (also by nutritional factors). CADASIL is a newly recognized syndrome which can cause migraine headaches, strokes, dementia.

Fatal mitochondrial myopathy, lactic acidosis, and complex I deficiency associated with a heteroplasmic A→G mutation at position 3251 in the mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) gene. Deletion of a Gly-Pro-Pro repeat in the proalpha2(I) chain of procollagen I in a family with dominant osteogenesis imperfecta type IV. Deletions in the SMN gene in infantile and adult spinal muscular atrophy patients from the same family. A (G-to-A) mutation in the initiation codon of the proteolipid protein gene causing a relatively mild form of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease in a Dutch family. The gene for X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets maps to a 200-300 kb region in Xp22.1, and is located on a single YAC containing a putative vitamin D response element (VDRE). A new base substitution in the 5' regulatory region of the human ^[A]gamma globin gene is linked with the beta^[S] gene.

09/95 - present Hillcrest Health Center

Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, a three-carbon compound which contains a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group (this completely describes its structure). Pyruvate is also converted to lactate in muscles when there is not enough oxygen (anaerobic conditions) such as happens when the lungs and blood stream cannot provide oxygen as rapidly as the muscles need it. Reaction 6 oxidizes the aldehyde group to a carboxylic acid, reduces NAD+ to NADH/H+ and brings a phosphate ion from the solution in to make a "mixed" anhydride of phosphoric acid with the carboxylic acid group. Like the acid anhydrides we looked at earlier, this is a reactive (higher energy) compound, and in reaction 7, it transfers the phosphate group and the energy to ADP making ATP. In the absence of oxygen, NAD+ is still needed by the citric acid cycle and by glycolysis so that these processes can continue to produce ATP directly for use in muscle. If pyruvate follows the fermentation pathway, there is no net production of NADH/H+, so the only biochemically useful energy output from fermentation is found in the two ATP's produced per glucose in glycolysis.

NORD does not promote or endorse participation in any specific organization. The information is subject to change without notice. Every effort is made to ensure that the details for each entry are as current as possible. The information contained in the Rare Disease Database (RDB) is provided for educational purposes only. If you order the full text version of a report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support. To READ the General Discussion (Abstract) section of a report, click on the disease Name.

This article submitted by Andrew Peake on 9/28/95. Hello;I have 6 year old son who has a undiagnosed metalbolic myopathy. -Ptosis (droppy half closed eyes -- but his is intermittent --somedays his eyes are as wide open as can be)-Opthalmoplegia (intermittent -- eyes float only when tired)-Respitory distress (intermittent -- labored breathing when tired/sick)-When very cold (after being in swimming pool) gets weaker and stiffer, legs buckle You can respond on this forum or to my Email at: andyp@ichips.intel.comThanks, Andrew Peake Next Article You now have TWO OPTIONS: Post a new Article or post a Response to this Article If you would like to post a Response to this article, fill out this form completely.

A recent study examined the effect of 90 milligrams per day of CoQ10 supplementation on numerous measures of plasma antioxidant capacity in healthy, young subjects. The measurement of CoQ10 in plasma showed a significant increase of almost 300 percent after CoQ10 supplementation. Because only reduced (i.e., able to accept or quench free radicals) CoQ10 can act as an antioxidant, and only the oxidized form of CoQ10 is used as a supplement, due to its greater stability, the authors measured the redox status of CoQ10 [the ratio of reduced CoQ10 to total (reduced and oxidized) CoQ10] to determine the antioxidant status of CoQ10 in the plasma. Importantly, CoQ10 supplementation of healthy, young adults significantly lowered their plasma levels of lipid peroxidation products. To begin with, the unchanged redox status of CoQ10 after significant plasma increases from supplementation confirms earlier research showing that CoQ10 appears in plasma in its reduced form. Equally important, the significant reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation products found in the plasma after CoQ10 supplementation provides strong evidence that CoQ10 supplementation can decrease lipid peroxidation in healthy, well-nourished adults.

Yes Drug class: Laxative (stool softener) If person takes much larger amount than prescribed, call doctor, poison-control center or hospital emergency room for instructions. You must drink 6 to 8 glasses of fluid every 24 hours for drug to work. No problems expected. No problems expected. No problems expected.

"Thyroid Disease and Central Nervous System Dysfunction" The American Thyroid Association (ATA) is pleased to announce the availability of funds to support a limited number of research projects to study the relationship between thyroid disease and dysfunction of the central nervous system. Special consideration will be given to applications that propose novel, multi-disciplinary approaches. Examples of areas of investigation that may be studied include, but are not limited to, the following: Maternal/fetal thyroid dysfunction and its effects on nervous system development; congenital hypothyroidism; thyroid hormone resistance syndromes and their associations with attention deficit disorders; and environmental toxins and their effects on thyroid hormone regulation of neuronal function or development. These awards will be for research proposals for funding of new investigators or "startup" grants for established investigators in the above noted areas of thyroid investigation. Research Grant Recipients 1996-97 Additional Research Funding & Information The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) provides support for research in Endocrinology through its Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases. NIDDK and the NIH also provide support and opportunities for career development and training in Endocrinology.

All forms of myotobular myopathy are extremely rare, including the usually very severe X-linked recessive form with pre- or neonatal onset (McKusick * 310400), the autosomal recessive form with onset in infancy or childhood (McKusick 255200) and the relatively mild autosomal dominant form with late onset (McKusick * Consensus definitions of clinical core criteria for the X-linked form of myotubular myopathy (XLMTM) include male sex, perinatal onset and severe generalized muscle myotonia and weakness associated with ventilatory insufficiency. Consensus definitions of histological core criteria include smallness of muscle fibres and muscle fibres with central nuclei resembling fetal myotubes. In myotonic dystrophy the involved fibres within the same fascicle appear arrested at all stages of maturation, whereas in XLMTM all the fibres are morphologically relatively uniform, except for the few fibres that have a mature appearance. Analysis of linkage data from these two families has identified several informative recombinant meioses which allow us to locate the XLMTM locus distal to the Xq27.2 marker DXS105, and proximal of the Xq28 marker loci DXS52, DXS15 and F8C. This information places the disease locus within the proximal Xq28 region, a location enhanced by the lack of recombination found with the proximal Xq28 marker DXS304.

Although the structure of the catalytic RNA component of ribonuclease P has been well characterized in Bacteria, it has been little studied in other organisms such as the Archaea. We have determined the sequences encoding RNase P RNA in eight euryarchaeal species: Halococcus morrhuae, Natronobacterium gregoryi, Halobacterium cutirubrum, Halobacterium trapanicum, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum strains deltaH and Marburg, Methanothermus fervidus, and Thermococcus celer strain AL-1. On the basis of these and previously available sequences from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, Haloferax volcanii and Methanosarcina barkeri, the secondary structure of RNase P RNA in Archaea has been analyzed by phylogenetic comparative analysis. The archaeal RNAs are similar in both primary and secondary structure to bacterial RNase P RNAs, but unlike their bacterial counterparts these archaeal RNase P RNAs are not by themselves catalytically proficient in vitro. The archaeal consensus secondary structure contains all but one helix present in the bacterial consensus structure, the 2bp helix P11. P18, present in nearly all bacterial RNase P RNAs and known to be involved in stabilizing the structure of the RNA, is also absent in all of the archaeal RNase P RNAs. The structural basis for the absolute dependence of the archaeal RNase P RNAs on (presumably) protein for function is not obvious from the primary or secondary structures of these RNAs.

This response submitted by brian henderson on 11/18/95. Can you help one who has 5th cranial nerve damage as a result severly damaged my 5th nerve so that the entire right side of my face has been numb ever since. Please respond, THank you very much, Brian Henderson Article complete.

The active methylation donor is S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which is produced from methionine by the addition of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). After the methyl group has been donated (reaction 3), homocysteine remains. In the first (reaction 1), homocysteine is re-methylated by methyltetrahydrofolate (Me-THF, or "activated" folic acid) back to methionine, and the SAM cycle is closed. In the second mechanism (reaction 2), homocysteine is combined with serine to form cystathionine which is split back apart (slightly differently) to yield cysteine and homoserine. This reaction depends on the enzyme cystathionine beta-synthase which opens up the SAM cycle and results in loss of methionine (and accumulation of cysteine). The folate cycle (cycle B) is essential to close the SAM cycle and keep methionine available for producing SAM.

Xanex posted by Wondering on October 09, 1996 at 03:21:21: Dear Wondering,As you know, I am not a physician. I can not prescribe, describe or explain what medication is best for you. Nor can I tell you how your body will react to a medication. I suggest that you call the doctor that prescribe the medication and ask what his experience has been with that drug. I wish you well, and thanks for writing. DO NOT POST A FOLLOWUP UNLESS YOU'RE BARBARA

This page accessed times. Lab staff - about us and what we do Hot list - where we go on the net Rothnagel's Rabble - another lab we share our space with Page author: Keith. Last update: Feb 5, 1997. biotinylated RNA, cell culture, CNS, confocal microscopy, electrophoresis, HPLC, in situ hybridization, localization, MBP, mRNA, mRNA-transport, myelin basic protein, oligodendrocytes, RNA-binding, sequencing, streptavidin coated magnetic beads, transcription, transport, uv cross-linking,

A battery was constructed and employed in order to evaluate both the patient's performance on episodic memory and other kinds of retrograde memory tasks and to detect confabulatory responses. M. Beth Casey (1), Ellen Winner (1), Camilia Benbow (2), Ronald Hayes (3), and Daniel DaSilva (4) (1) Boston College, Boston, USA; (2) Iowa State University, USA; (3) Massachusetts College of Art, USA; (4) University of Massachusetts at Boston, USA Study 1 was designed to identify a subgroup of non-right-handers in spatial fields who excel over right-handers in spatial ability. Gabriele MiceIi (1) and Alfonso Caramazza (2) (1) Universita Cattolica and IRCCS, S. Lucia, Roma, Italy; (2) The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA Patient CLB is severely impaired in naming familiar objects and in writing to dictation and repeating familiar and novel words. Deep dyslexia poses a distinct challenge for cognitive neuropsychology because there is little understanding of why such a variety of symptoms should co-occur in virtually all known patients. Cathy J. Price (1) and Glyn W. Humphreys (2) (1) MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; (2) Cognitive Science Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK The case study of PR, a patient with acquired dyslexia without dysgraphia, is reported. Sue Franklin (1), David Howard (2), and Karalyn Patterson (3) (1) University of York, York, UK; (2) Birkbeck College, London, UK; (3) MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, UK We report the case of a patient, DRB, who shows impaired auditory comprehension of abstract but not concrete words, in the context of preserved comprehension of all types of written words.

Straight forward steroid and performance supplement information This page has moved! Note: The author of this document does not condone steroid use. This document and its embedded pictures are (c) Copyright 1995 by Geoffrey V. Brown and can not, in any way, in whole or in part, be transferred, copied, or duplicated, without the express written persmission of the author, Geoffrey V. Brown.

Vitamin K Mephyton(R) (phytomenadione, Vitamin K1) comes in 5 mg tablets. Dosage is 2.5 mg = 1/2 tablet P.O. 3x/wk Mon-Wed-Fri. Vitamin D Drisdol (R) (ergocalciferol) comes in bottle 60 ml, 8,000 units/ml. Vitamin A Aquasol A (retinol, water-miscible Vitamine A) comes in bottle of 30 ml, 5,000 Units/0.1 ml. Vitamin E Liqui-E (d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate or TPGS) comes in bottle of 355 ml, 400 U 15 ml. Dosage is 50 Units /kg/day, divided in two doses.

=== Crown Eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, stramenopiles, etc. Mitochondria are compartments bound by double membranes. Aerobic respiration and a number of metabolic processes which produce ATP take place in mitochondria. Mereschkowsky's (1905) hypothesis that mitochondria are derived from bacteria was revived in the 1970's (see Margulis 1970). However, much evidence to date indicates that mitochondria were acquired only once within eukaryotes. Mitochondria have been lost in lineages that previously had mitochondria, and a distinction must therefore be made between primitively amitochondriate taxa (colloquially referred to as the hypochondria) and secondarily amitochondriate taxa.

Chapter 5 should be reviewed for a preliminary discussion of how enzyme activities can be regulated by allosteric interaction with metabolic activators and inhibitors (p. 137) or by covalent modification (p. 143). a Synthesis Glycolysis (p. 348) 1 Hexokinase (p. 344) Glc-6-P 2 PFK-1b (137, 344) ATP; citrate; PEP AMP/ADP; Fru2,6BP 3 Pyr Kinasec (347) F-1,6-BP inactivates Gluconeogenesis 4 Pyr Carboxylase Acetyl-CoA 5 PEP-CK stim. by glucagon 6 F1,6-BP'ase AMP; F2,6BP F-2,6-BP Levels 7 PFK-2 (345) citrate AMP; F6P; Pi inactivates 8 FBP'ase-2 F-6-P activates   aGlucogon­>activates G-protein ­> adenylate cyclase ­> [cAMP] ­> PKA ­> protein phosphorylation bcooperative with respect to [F-6-P]; ATP inc.S0.5 for F-6-P ccooperative with respect to [PEP]; F-1,6-BP decreases S0.5 for PEP (feed-forward control) 12 a-ketoglutarate DH NADH; Succ CoA Glycogenolysis (386) 13 Glycogen Phosphorylase AMP activates Glycogen Synthesis 14 Glycogen synthase inhibits The following decrease ATP, NADH, citrate, succ-CoA, AcCoA The following increase ATP, NADH, citrate, succ-CoA, AcCoA

Further evidence for the assignment of the critical region for a pseudoautosomal growth gene(s) Tsutomu Ogata1, Koji Muroya1, Nobutake Matsuo1, Gudrun Rappold2 1Department of Paediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan 2Institut fur Humangenetik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany This report describes a 12 10/12-year-old Japanese girl with short stature and a 46,X,Xp+ karyotype. Her height remained below - SD of the mean, and her predicted adult height (143 cm, mean -2.7 SD) was below her target height (155.5 cm, mean-0.3 SD) and target range (147.5 cm~163.5 cm, mean-1.8 SD~mean+1.2 SD). Conventional and molecular cytogenetic studies revealed that the Xp+ chromosome was formed by an inverted duplication of the Xp21.3-Xp22.33 segment. No mosaicism was detected after examining a total of 263 peripheral lymphocytes, and the Xp+ chromosome was late-replicating in 76 of 101 lymphocytes analysed. Southern blot analysis showed that the Xp+ chromosome was missing about 700 kb of DNA from the distal part of the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) with the breakpoint between XYS59 and DXYS15. Genotype-phenotype correlation of the patient provides further support for the previously proposed hypothesis that the region between DXYS20 and DXYS1 is the critical region for a pseudoautosomal growth gene(s).

Early experiments with minced tissue showed that the tricarboxylic acid cycle is an aerobic pathway and that compounds metabolized in the cycle are eventually oxidized to CO2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, a substrate for the citric acid cycle. How might a mutation in pyruvate dehydrogenase which decreased its sensitivity to allosteric regulation by acetyl-CoA affect activity of the TCA cycle? Normally a balance between acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate is maintained primarily by the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase, which is inhibited by acetyl-CoA, and pyruvate carboxylase, which is activated by acetyl-CoA. If pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibition by acetyl- CoA is reduced, it could cause a problem in the availability of oxaloacetate for the TCA cycle, because too much pyruvate would be converted to acetyl-CoA, and not enough to oxaloacetate. When citrate is high, citric acid cycle acid activity is high, thus there is reduced need for glucose to proceed through glycolysis to pyruvate.

Acidophilus, used in milk in grocery stores and also sold in concentrated form as a health-food product, consists of Most physicians do not take acidophilus very seriously, but regard it as a health food and do not mention it There are many different kinds of acidophilus, as dozens of different kinds of organisms could be used. Perhaps most important, the people this writer spoke with recommended using a non-dairy acidophilus -- since persons and ARC, uses a different brand of acidophilus (Vital Life), which is sold through physicians and unlikely to be found in Patients often start with three organisms (L. Acidophilus, L. Bifidus, and S. Faecium), then continue with L. Acidophilus only.

Summary: The degradation (oxidation) of the 2-carbon acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A occurs in a cyclic sequence called the Krebs cycle. The acetyl coenzyme A condenses with a 4-carbon acid (oxaloacetic acid), releasing the coenzyme A to react again with pyruvic acid. Through a series of reaction the two carbons from the acetyl group are released as carbon dioxide, and the oxaloacetic acid is regenerated. Electrons in the oxidations are transferred to NAD and to FAD, and a pyrophosphate bond is generated in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). The Krebs cycle is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and as the citric acid cycle. Sir Hans Krebs worked out the details of the cycle in the 1930's. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria and consists of eight steps.

Title: Cyclosporin A protects hepatocytes against prooxidant-induced cell killing. Source: Biochem Pharmacol 1992 Nov 17;44(10):1995-2003 Abstract: Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent inhibitor of the prooxidant-induced release of Ca2+ from isolated mitochondria. In this investigation, pretreatment of hepatocytes with CsA before exposure to the prooxidants tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH), cumene hydroperoxide or 3,5-dimethyl-N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (3,5-Me2-NAPQI) prevented the loss of cell viability. HPLC analysis of adenine and pyridine nucleotide concentrations in hepatocytes treated with 3,5-Me2-NAPQI showed a rapid depletion of ATP prior to the loss of cell viability versus the maintenance of near control levels of ATP in hepatocytes treated with CsA before 3,5-Me2-NAPQI. Measurement of the intracellular Ca2+ pools showed an early depletion of the mitochondrial Ca2+ pool in hepatocytes exposed to 3,5-Me2-NAPQI, tBH or cumene hydroperoxide; this loss was prevented by CsA. This suggests that in prooxidant injury, excessive Ca2+ cycling is an early and important event leading to mitochondrial damage and subsequently to cell death Major Indexes: Calcium [metabolism] Cyclosporine [pharmacology] Liver [drug effects] Minor Indexes: Benzene Derivatives [toxicity] Benzoquinones [toxicity] Cell Death [drug effects] Imines [toxicity] Mitochondria, Liver [drug effects] [metabolism] Oxidation-Reduction Peroxides [toxicity] Rats, Wistar Rats Reagent Names: 0 (Benzene Derivatives) 0 (Benzoquinones) 0 (Imines) 0 (Peroxides) 59865-13-3 (Cyclosporine) 7440-70-2 (Calcium) 74827-85-3 (N-acetyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-benzoquinone imine) 75-91-2 (tert-butylhydroperoxide) 80-15-9 (cumene hydroperoxide) Language: English

The preclinical research activities of the Department of Psychiatry span the spectrum from molecular to systems to behavioral neuroscience and involve studies in rodents, monkeys, and humans. A major goal of these investigations of the normal structure and function of the central nervous system is the acquisition of a knowledge base that will make possible the generation and testing of novel hypotheses regarding the dysfunction of the brain in psychiatric disorders. In the areas of molecular and cellular neuroscience, the research efforts of departmental scientists are focused on understanding the regulatory mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis and release of both neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. In some of these studies, the influence of important environmental factors, such as diet or prior exposure to stress, on these processes is being explored. The following examples indicate how these preclinical studies may provide critical links to investigations of psychiatric disorders: Studies in monkeys have shown that the pattern of daily meal intake plays a role in regulating the daily pattern of activity in GnRH-containing neurons in the central nervous system. (Judy L. Cameron, Ph.D. and colleagues) The induction of mild social stress can impair reproductive function in female monkeys, suggesting that mild psychogenic stresses may be important etiologic factors to consider in women with impaired fertility.

Genetics, bacteria, plant, human,research,graduate program, graduate studies, phd program, dna,grad schools, graduate school, The mitochondrion is the energy producing organelle in the cell, and the only organelle in animal cells besides the nucleus which contains its own chromosome. Remarkably, not a single gene involved in mitochondrial molecular biology is encoded in the compact mitochondrial genome: all of the protein machinery for replication, transcription and translation (and the few DNA repair functions) is encoded in the nucleus and the relevant proteins must be imported into the mitochondrion. These include: the mitochondrial DNA polymerase which has been purified to near-homogeneity for the first time in our laboratory; mitochondrial DNA sequence-specific binding proteins involved in regulation of replication and transcription; and mitochondrial RNA polymerase. A second research effort is on elucidation of the organization and structure of the A+T rich regulatory region in Drosophila mitochondrial DNA, which contains the DNA sequence elements for replication and gene expression and its regulation-. Date limit: 30 Days 60 Days 90 Days 180 Days 1 Year 2 Years 5 Years 10 Years No Limit

Computed tomography of the head shows increased attenuation in the right middle cerebral artery (MCA), consistent with right MCA thrombosis (arrow). The right lentiform nucleus is obscured (arrow) and there is effacement of the sulci in the right hemisphere along the right MCA territory (arrow). MRI confirms a large territorial infarct in the right MCA distribution with mild mass effect on the right lateral ventricle (arrow). Although stroke is a clinical diagnosis, this diagnosis is incorrect in approximately 10% of patients admitted for stroke. Although head CT scans obtained within the first few hours after stroke are normal in 60% of patients, several early signs can be seen in strokes less than 6 hours old. When the initial CT scan is normal, a repeat scan in 48 hours will, in about 80% of patients, show the infarct as an area of decreased attenuation with mass effect on the adjacent structures.

McCabe described 18 patients with bilateral asymmetric hearing loss progressing over weeks to months which responded to steroid therapy. McCabe proposed using ESR, ANA, RF, complement levels, and quantitative immunoglobulin levels as a screening panel for autoimmune inner ear disease in high risk patients. Hughes classified patients as high risk if they had bilateral and progressive sensorineural hearing loss, no response to conventional therapy, concomitant immune disorders, abnormal screening tests or improvement of hearing with steroid therapy. Hughes advocates high dose (prednisone 20 mg four times daily for 10 days then 10 mg every other day for 3-6 months) steroids as initial treatment. As initial therapy, McCabe recommends cytoxan (2mg/kg twice daily) combined with steroids (prednisone 30 mg every other day) for 3 weeks. Hughes advises plasmapheresis for those patients unresponsive to steroids and cytoxan after 6 to 8 weeks at the above stated doses.

RNA, Databases of small and large ribosomal subunit RNA sequences, Belgium RDP, the Ribosomal Database Project 16s RNA structures 23s RNA structures Group I intron structures RNase P sequence/structure database

Back to Table of Contents These subheadings are available to Tree C10:

There are a number of genetic and non-genetic disorders that affect both ears and kidneys. However, the types of problems may be different, and the reasons that both ears and kidneys are involved may be due to different processes in development. The kidney problems can include malformed or missing kidneys or problems at a microscopic level; the ear problems may include malformation of the external ear or the ossicles (small bones) of the middle ear, or microscopic changes in the cochlea. These are similarities in structure, function, or in the timing of prenatal development, that is, the period of development of the baby during pregnancy. This is an autosomal dominant condition with recurrent fever, skin rash (urticaria), joint pain, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, and amyloidosis of the kidneys, which is an accumulation of a protein in the kidney which gradually blocks its function. The characteristics include lack of an opening for the anus which must be repaired at birth, abnormal bones of the hands or feet, kidney problems (usually small, poorly formed kidneys), "lop" shaped ears, and mild sensorineural hearing loss.

The American Heart Association recommends that healthy American adults reduce their sodium intake to no more than 2400 milligrams per day. This is about 1 1/4 teaspoons of sodium chloride (salt). To illustrate, the following are sources of sodium in the diet. 1/4 teaspoon salt = 500 mg sodium 1/2 teaspoon salt = 1000 mg sodium 3/4 teaspoon salt = 1500 mg sodium 1 teaspoon salt = 2000 mg sodium 1 teaspoon baking soda = 1000 mg sodium When you must watch how much sodium (salt) you eat, you must be aware of both natural sodium content and added sodium content. Ordinary table salt is sodium chloride — 40 percent sodium by weight.

This page includes all the Pharmacy Related (loosely defined) Internet Resources that I know about. Please let me know if any of this information is out-of-date, incorrect, inappropriate, etc. Please send additions, corrections, comments, etc. A Worldwide list of Schools/College of Pharmacy is available via WWW (UK - Cardiff), or WWW (USA - OKC), complied by David Temple. Also a list of Pharmacy Continuing Education sites around the World compiled by David Temple is available. Interested in Live Discussions about Pharmacy Issues: see #pharmacy on Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

How is chronic or severe nausea/vomiting treated? Vomiting (throwing up, heaving, upchucking) occurs when your abdominal muscles and diaphragm (the internal flat muscle separating your abdomen from your chest) forcefully contract, pushing food upward from your stomach through your throat and out of your mouth. Nausea is often described as feeling "sick to your stomach" or as if you may need to vomit. In persons with HIV disease, medications are probably the most common cause of nausea and vomiting. You should promptly contact your doctor if any of the following occurs: 1) you continue to vomit and are not feeling better after 12-24 hours; 2) you vomit up blood or material that looks like coffee grounds (the appearance of partly digested blood); 3) you have persistent fever, pain in your abdomen, or severe headaches; 4) your abdomen is swollen or bloated; or 5) you are unable to take necessary medications. Table 1: Antinausea MedicationsAgentsCommon Side Effectsprochlorperazine (Compazine)drowsiness, involuntary muscle movementstrimethobenzamide hydrochloride (Tigan)involuntary muscle movementshaloperidol (Haldol)involuntary muscle movementsmeclizine (Antivert)drowsinessscopolamine (Transderm-Scope)drowsiness, blurred vision, dry mouth lorazepam (Ativan)drowsiness, confusion, habit-formingdronabinol (Marinol)drowsiness, confusion, habit-formingmetoclopramidem (Reglan)diarrhea, worsening of depression, drowsiness, involuntary muscle movementsondansetron (Zofran)headaches

The patient is vomiting: More Facts and Comments The patient is vomiting Relatives and those caring for a patient are much more aware of a patient's vomiting than they are of his or her nausea. Certain anti-emetics can be administered subcutaneously, if necessary, using a syringe driver, e.g. haloperidol 2.5-5 mg/24 hours, metoclopramide 30-60 mg/24 hours, cyclizine 100-150 mg/24 hours, ondansetron 24 mg (in saline) 24 hours. In difficult cases, with known causes, combinations of anti-emetics from different groups can be used, e.g. metoclopramide 60 mg and dexamethasone 12 mg mixed in a syringe driver per 24 hours subcutaneous (30 ml syringe may be needed). Vomiting may occur from time to time, but often the patient does not mind.

This nuclear gene was not expressed in mitochondria, but DNA would spontaneously escape from mitochondria and migrate to the nucleus where it complemented a nuclear mutation of that same gene. The rate of DNA escape from mitochondria can be measured statistically and it is constant for a given yeast strain under given growth conditions (approximately 5 x 10-6 events/cell/cell division). Our initial genetic studies indicate that the high rate of DNA escape from mitochondria can be suppressed by mutations that compromise the function of the vacuole. Therefore, the escape of DNA from mitochondria can serve as an indirect measure of autophagy of mitochondria by vacuoles. The phosphatase exists in an inactive form in mitochondria, but subsequent autophagy of mitochondria by the vacuole results in activation of the phosphatase due to proteolytic processing by a vacuolar protease. We are using these two assays, the escape of DNA from mitochondria and the activation of a mitochondrially localized phosphatase, to identify environmental conditions and mutations that result in the autophagy of mitochondrial compartments.

Click on any position on the map to retrieve information about that locus. Dark gray regions are rRNA and polypeptide genes. The tRNA genes are indicated by light blocks between the larger genes. OH and OL are the origins of H- and L-strand replication. PH and PL are the H- and L-strand promoters. s indicate transcription factor binding sites and the heavy arrow between II and III indicates the L-strand transcript processing site for generating H-strand replication primers.

When Neurons Go Wrong: Animal Models Of Human Neurologic Disease John F. Cummings - Spring This exploration will involve a discussion of spontaneous neurodegenerative diseases in domestic animals in terms of their cellular derangements and a comparison of these diseases at the electron microscopic level with certain human disorders. A brief demonstration of the electron microscope will be included.

The RNA Society was established in 1993 to facilitate sharing and dissemination of experimental results and emerging concepts in ribonucleic acid research. The Society encompasses RNA research in the broadest sense: from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, from the ribosome to the spliceosome, from RNA viruses to catalytic RNAs. It is a multidisciplinary society, representing molecular, evolutionary and structural biology, biochemistry, biomedical sciences, chemistry, genetics, and virology as they relate to questions of the structure and function of RNA and of ribonucleoprotein assemblies. Two major functions of the Society are the publication of the journal RNA and the organization of international meetings. The first official meeting sponsored by The RNA Society was the RNA Processing Meeting held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in May 1994, attracting 783 participants. The next RNA Society meeting, RNA '96, covered all aspects of RNA molecular biology, evolution, structure and function and was held at the University of Wisconson-Madison in May 1996.

628 Solution structure of an ATP-binding RNA aptamer reveals a novel fold Thorsten Dieckmann, Ellen Suzuki, Gerald K. Nakamura, and Juli Feigon 641 The intranuclear site of excision of each intron in Balbiani ring 3 pre-mRNA is influenced by the time remaining to transcription termination and different excision efficiencies for the various introns Ingela Wetterberg, Göran Baurén, and Lars Wieslander 652 A chloroplast transcript lacking the 3' inverted repeat is degraded by 3' -> 5' exoribonuclease activity Robert G. Drager, Mathias Zeidler, Clare L. Simpson, and David B. Stern 664 Cis-acting elements distinct from the 5' splice site promote U1-independent pre-mRNA splicing John D. Crispino, Jacqueline E. Mermoud, Angus I. Lamond, and Phillip A. Sharp 674 Differences in the interaction of Escherichia coli RNase P RNA with tRNAs containing a short or a long extra arm Rajesh K. Gaur, Andreas Hanne, Frank Conrad, Dietmar Kahle, and Guido Krupp 682 Essential nucleotides direct neuron-specific splicing of [epsilon]2 pre-mRNA Li Zhang, Mona Ashiya, Thomas G. Sherman, and Paula J. Grabowski 699 Novel requirements in peripheral structures of the extended satellite 2 hammerhead Teresa A. Garrett, Lil M. Pabón-Peña, Nimisha Gokaldas, and Lloyd M. Epstein 707 Requirement for SLU7 in yeast pre-mRNA splicing is dictated by the distance between the branchpoint and the 3' splice site April Brys and Beate Schwer 718 Kinetic pathway for folding of the Tetrahymena ribozyme revealed by three UV-inducible crosslinks William D. Downs and Thomas R. Cech 733 RNA: Instructions for Contributors

> --On Wed, Jan 1, 1997 5:16 PM <drjuice@ucla.edu> wrote: > Most of the folks I know get chemobrain to some extent simply because of > the drugs they give you so you won't remember what's going on. One of my > pharmaceutical friends, when I asked why would somebody still be getting > Ativan, asked me what the main effects of Ativan were. When I said, "I > forget", he said, "Exactly". I think ativan "withdrawal" (I went cold turkey) was a major culprit in the major league nightmares I experienced in the two weeks after my PSCT last September. Prev: Re: Marrow Drive - check your HLA match at the Lab for DR Next: Re: HELP! Index(es): Main Thread

Ativan Generic Name lorazepam Manufacturer Wyeth-Ayerst Treatment Class Psychopharmacologic and Neurologic (CNS) Indication Anxiety Resource Chemical structure ==============================-- Next response --============================== From: sqeaky@ix.netcom.com (James Cooley) Newsgroups: sci.med.pharmacy Subject: Re: Half-life Question Date: 20 May 1995 19:23:43 GMT In jabar@big.aa.net (Jerry Barlow) writes: > >Is there much difference between lorazepam and diazepam? half-life lorazepam is 14 +/- 5 hrs. diazepam is 43+/- 13 hrs (active metabolites) Jim ==============================-- Next response --============================== Newsgroups: sci.med.pharmacy From: dyer@spdcc.com (Steve Dyer) Subject: Re: Half-life Question Date: Sat, 20 May 1995 20:55:31 GMT In article , Jerry Barlow wrote: >Is there much difference between lorazepam and diazepam? -- Steve Dyer dyer@ursa-major.spdcc.com ==============================-- Next response --============================== From: shelbyb@ix.netcom.com (Harold Boxenbaum) Newsgroups: sci.med.pharmacy Subject: Re: Half-life Question Date: 20 May 1995 21:25:03 GMT In jabar@big.aa.net (Jerry Barlow) writes: > >Is there much difference between lorazepam and diazepam? From: "Parker Barss Donham" Newsgroups: sci.med.pharmacy Subject: Lorazepam Date: 3 Jul 1995 09:02:24 -0300 Lorazepam Can anyone give me any information about the side effects of this drug, especially as when taken in combination in combination with Losec and Prepulsid? (902) 674-2994 (fax) ==============================-- Next response --============================== From: wfoent@aol.com (WFO Ent) Newsgroups: sci.med.pharmacy Subject: Re: Lorazepam Date: 5 Jul 1995 18:11:02 -0400 In article , "Parker Barss Donham" writes: >Lorazepam Here's some info on Lorazepem by itself: LORAZEPAM (Ativan

Welcome Visit our Showroom Site Map Equipment: Anesthesia Cardiology Sterilization Equipment Surgical Endoscopy Hospital Laboratory Veterinary Profession How to Contact Us We stock all equipment listed on these pages! Search our equipment database (table support required) When you do business with Whittemore Enterprises, Inc. , you're dealing with a professional company that has over 12 years of experience providing quality equipment and service to the medical community. At any time in the future you wish to upgrade your purchase, we will buy back the equipment and the price will be negotiated depending on the condition of the equipment and the length of ownership. Anesthesia Machines - Small compact Autoclaves - Table top of free standing Cages Electrosurgical Units Lab Equipment - Microscopes, centrifuges, incubators Monitors Surgical Instruments - New and used German manufacture Flexible Endoscopy: Gastroscopes - Bronchoscopes - Colonoscopes Rigid Endoscopy: Arthroscopes - Cystoscopes - Laparoscopes Scales Tables

If there is no improvement in two days or symptoms worsen, call your physician or the Kaiser Permanente Advice Nurse. For a listing of Kaiser Permanente's phone numbers by location, click the button to the right. Last updated on December 7th, 1995.

Wed, 7 Feb 1996 08:44:47 +0000 Messages sorted by: [ date ][ thread ][ subject ][ author ] Previous message: Bergen: "LITE: Nucleic Acids Research 24:03" * This DIAG message contains 4 submessage(s): : Genetic effects of chemotherapy in albinism If anybody interested in collaboration, please contact : If you know someone with information please give them the above e-mail address or you have any information regarding this subject.

Rasmussen's Encephalitis (abbreviated to RE here) is an extremely rare, progressive, central nervous system disorder, characterized by seizures, hemiparesis (paralysis on one side), inflammation of the brain, and mental deterioration. Since this disease was first given its name in 1958, the number of cases recorded in medical literature is very small. In some cases, treatments of immune globulin (IVIG) infusion has shown varying degrees of effectiveness in halting progress of this disease; in a few cases, some lost functionality has been restored. In cases where seizures had been debilitating, results of IVIG have ranged from moderate improvement to near-elimination of seizures. Steroid treatment has produced results similar to IVIG, and like IVIG, long-term effectiveness is not known. We are also very interested in locating some of the adult patients.We then plan to build this network to synergize, thus we want to build a network which will enable us to synergize, thus creating one collective voice, speaking out on behalf of Rasmussen's patients.

Sun, 2 Feb 1997 22:05:50 -0600 Messages sorted by: [ date ][ thread ][ subject ][ author ] Next message: NancyEllen & Christopher de Fiebre: "Re: MED: Tegretal/Narcotics" Previous message: Sam Andersen: "Re: MED: Uric acid" Next in thread: NancyEllen & Christopher de Fiebre: "Re: MED: Tegretal/Narcotics" Groupus, I just found out that if you take Tegretal you need to be very careful about taking pain medication particularly Narcotics with it. The Narcotics will increase the leavel of Tegretal in your system. The Pharmasist told me to wait 2 hours, at least, when taking the Darviset. I am taking Tegretal for sizure like problem's. I have slowing in the right frontal lobe and the tegretal seems to help. Mo Spring time in the Rockies,Colorado(USA) jrmax@ix.netcom.com Next message: NancyEllen & Christopher de Fiebre: "Re: MED: Tegretal/Narcotics" Previous message: Sam Andersen: "Re: MED: Uric acid" Next in thread: NancyEllen & Christopher de Fiebre: "Re: MED: Tegretal/Narcotics"

Tue, 4 Feb 1997 11:05:23 -0600 Messages sorted by: [ date ][ thread ][ subject ][ author ] Next message: Barbie: "Re: GEN: Reason for Pooh's/Vicky's departure" Previous message: Pattie Mahler: "Re: MED: Tegretal/Narcotics" Maybe in reply to: James Maxwell: "MED: Tegretal/Narcotics" Rubric@ix.netcom.com wrote: > > I hate to also inform you that some people are allergic to it (me) and it > caused a big flare! > condition from it, that went away when she got off it. > lupus like reaction as well as causing flares in people who have lupus. > is a drug that should be taken with caution.

Messenger MDA's Newsletter, To receive printed copy thru mail . The "Information Library" is under constant development - we welcome any contributions Back Home You can reach me by : bms@webnet.com.au The MDA thanks Internet Interface Systems for the donation of WEB Site access

If you know of anything that you think would contribute to this web page, or if you are just interested in the subject, PLEASE e-mail me, I would like to find other people interested in the same information. It is advised that you reload this page every time you come, because new information and links are being added nearly every day. This is a great site that has nanotech and DNA computing information. Erik Winfree maintains a web page with some good DNA computing and robotics links and information. Great page for basic DNA information, I recommend having a look at this nucleic acid information. Once again, if you have any information that you think should be added to this web page, please do not hesitate to e-mail me.

Mitochondrial disorders Mitochondrial disorders Alliance of Genetic Support Groups Current Directory Family Village Disability-Related Resources National organizations with information on genetic conditions or birth defects - variety of resources Professional Genetics Societies Genetic clinics, centers, departments

The information contained in the Organizational Database (ODB) is provided for informational purposes only. NORD does not promote or endorse participation in any specific organization. The information is subject to change without notice. Established in 1993, the goals of the Trust include the promotion of research into the cause, treatments, and prenatal diagnosis of lactic acidosis and mitochondrial cytopathies. The Support Trust provides counseling, advice, and support to parents and caregivers of children with these rare conditions; and encourages health care professionals to become specialists in this field of medicine. The Trust seeks to provide information to parents or other relatives on a 24 hour basis and to provide physicians with financial support and grants to further their research.

Agoraphobia and Epileptic type seizures. Agoraphobia and Epileptic type seizures. Posted by Jason Zerr on December 05, 1996 at 02:41:13: I am wondering if Epileptic type seizures can also cause Agoraphobia. I live almost identical to someone who has Agoraphobia. Re: Agoraphobia and Epileptic type seizures. DO NOT POST A FOLLOWUP UNLESS YOU'RE BARBARA

Calls are taken from Physicians and Researchers only. MIN is an information resource and retrieval system for physicians and scientists. This system contains selected case data for patients with specified disorders, including the case physicians, and identifies researchers studying these disorders. The information contained in the Rare Disease Database (RDB) is provided for educational purposes only. If you order the full text version of a report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support. To READ the General Discussion (Abstract) section of a report, click on the disease Name.

Click on any position on the map to retrieve information about that locus. Dark gray regions are rRNA and polypeptide genes. The tRNA genes are indicated by light blocks between the larger genes. OH and OL are the origins of H- and L- strand replication. PH and PL are the H- and L-strand promoters. s indicate transcription factor binding sites and the heavy arrow between II and III indicates the L-strand transcript processing site for generating H-strand replication primers.

Click on any position on the map to retrieve information about that locus. Dark gray regions are rRNA and polypeptide genes. The tRNA genes are indicated by light blocks between the larger genes. OH and OL are the origins of H- and L- strand replication. PH and PL are the H- and L-strand promoters. s indicate transcription factor binding sites and the heavy arrow between II and III indicates the L-strand transcript processing site for generating H-strand replication primers.

These 0 cells, in conjunction with the cybrid mitochondrial transfer technique employing fusion with enucleated cells [Wallace, 1975 #630; Wallace, 1981 #632; Wallace, 1982 #686], has permitted studying the pathophysiology of clinically relevant mtDNA mutations. The severity of the primary LHON mutations has been assessed by the presence and severity of their additional clinical manifestations, the frequency at which they arise de novo and thus are associated with different mtDNA haplotypes [Brown, 1995 #42], their co-occurrence with secondary LHON mutations, their frequency of heteroplasmy, their penetrance, and their potential for spontaneous recovery [Brown, 1994 #46; Huoponen, 1993 #208; Johns, 1993 #230; Newman, 1991 #359; Wallace, 1994 #583; Wallace, 1992 #589]. LDYT14459A mutation is the most severe of the LHON mutations. LHON11778A mutation is the next most severe of the LHON mutations. LHON3460A mutations is next most severe LHON mutation. MERRF8344G, which consistently results in neurosensory hearing loss, mitochondrial myopathy and ragged red fibers (RRF), and, when the percentage of mutant is high, can also cause myoclonic epilepsy (hence the acronym for Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fiber disease, MERRF) [Shoffner, 1990 #493; Shoffner, 1991 #495; Wallace, 1993 #582; Wallace, 1994 #590; Wallace, 1988 #597].

It is possible that Growth Delay, Constitutional may not be the name that you expected. Please check the synonyms listed below to find other names for this specific disorder. The information contained in the Rare Disease Database (RDB) is provided for educational purposes only. If you order the full text version of this report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support. Constitutional Growth Delay is a term describing a temporary delay in the skeletal growth and height of a child with no other physical abnormalities causing the delay. To READ organizational information, click on the Name.

user Sun Jun 11 23:07:57 1995 From: stephan@psych.ucla.edu (Stephan Anagnostaras) Newsgroups: bionet.neuroscience Subject: Re: cortical blindness Date: Sun, 11 Jun 1995 23:07:57 -0800 Organization: UCLA Lines: 43 Distribution: world Message-ID: References: NNTP-Posting-Host: modem0-j.lifesci.ucla.edu In article , wakeford@ix.netcom.com (Andre Wakeford ) wrote: > Could any person out there help me with information on "cortical > blindness". I need as much information on the topic as is possible, as > we have a child in the family with this affliction, and a better > understanding of the condition will help us enormously. Cortical blindness refers to blind- ness caused by damage to the primary visual cortex (located in the occipital lobe - way back of the head). There is little chance of biological recovery in this instance also, except that the loss of function is minimal since the person can compensate with eye and head movements. The damage usually occurs because of a blow to the back or front of the head (countercoup), but also often occurs from tumors, etc. If the damage is severe, and the child is older, and it has occured some time ago, it is not likely the child will regain much function biologically.

Dose For seizures: 0.03-0.05 mg/Kg over 2-5 minutes, may be repeated twice at intervals of 15-20 minutes. Route IV, IM Toxicity Less risk for accumulation than with Diazepam (which has an active metabolite -- N-desmethyldiazepam -- with a very long half-life). This page was last modified on 03-14-1995. Medication reference was last rebuilt on 02-17-1996.

The Arc is the largest organization in the United States that is solely devoted to improving the lives of all children and adults with mental retardation. The Arc provides leadership in the field of mental retardation and develops necessary human and financial resources to attain its goals. In addition, the Arc provides a wide variety of educational materials for parents, teachers, health care professionals, and others, including a regular newsletter, handbooks, instruction packets, reports, booklets, audio-visual aids, posters, and brochures. The information contained in the Rare Disease Database (RDB) is provided for educational purposes only. If you order the full text version of a report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support. To READ the General Discussion (Abstract) section of a report, click on the disease Name.

Inner and outer double circles are the C-rich light (L)-strand and the G-rich heavy (H)-strand, respectively. Dark gray regions are rRNA and polypeptide genes. The tRNA genes are indicated by light blocks between the larger genes. The inner and outer light arcs are the stable, processed, L-strand and H-strand transcripts, respectively. OH and OL are the origins of H- and L-strand replication. s indicate transcription factor binding sites and the heavy arrow between II and III indicates the L-strand transcript processing site for generating H-strand replication primers.

Joel R. Cooper Anabolic steroids are derivatives of the male hormone testosterone that are typically injected into the body. An estimated one million Americans, half of them teenagers, use anabolic steroids. the market for black-market steroids is huge: in excess of $400 million. Many young athletes are attracted to steroids because they think these drugs will build up their muscles or improve their athletic performance. There are, however, many health hazards and risks resulting from anabolic steroid use, including: Testicular atrophy (shrinking of the testicles) Severe acne Permanent stunting of growth Premature balding Yellowing of the skin and eyes Weakening, tearing, or rupture of tendons Possibility of contracting AIDS or other infectious diseases from sharing needles used to inject the steroids. Yet despite all of the warnings about the dangers of steroids, many users and potential users won't get the message until it's too late.

My name is Shawn (click here to see a picture). This is Spar (left), and Tasha (below). I hope you enjoy the other images on my homepage, and believe it or not, pollen grains are NOT the main focus of my graduate work! But they do make nice test specimens. I am interested in studying why neurons selectively die in neurological diseases, and the striatal neuron is particularly vulnerable in diseases such as Huntington's Disease and Leigh's syndrome. Tasha Feel free to drop me a note.

(UI: 92238558) Abstract: A girl aged 23 months of Leigh encephalopathy with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) deficiency was reported. All patients were examined with MR spectroscopy in conjunction with MR imaging of the brain on a whole-body imager at 1.5 T. Comparison of spectra in our patients with those of children with normal myelination (prominent signals from N-acetylaspartate [NAA], creatine/phosphocreatine, and choline) revealed a marked decrease of NAA in 12 of 17 patients with focal or generalized demyelination. (UI: 91325896) Abstract: The linkage of hospitals and medical groups in an on-line computer network results in benefits for many groups including patients, medical practices, hospitals and third party payors. (UI: 91187205) Abstract: We studied three patients with Leigh's syndrome (LS) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency. (UI: 91161697) Abstract: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of MR and CT in neurodegenerative diseases of childhood, we examined 63 children (MR in 44, CT in 53) carrying diagnoses of Leigh disease (14 patients), various metabolic diseases (13 patients), leukodystrophies (13 patients), other specific degenerative diseases (10 patients), and unclassified neurodegenerative disorders (13 children). (UI: 92101723) Abstract: The populations of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO)-positive and -negative mitochondria were analyzed in the elongated cells containing occasional multiple nuclei (myotubes) in primary muscle cultures derived from patients with various forms of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies with CCO deficiency.

The signs and symptoms of a grand mal seizure are as follows: The victim may have a premonition or aura before the attack occurs. During the seizure the victim may lose bowel and bladder control. The victim usually will be unconscious for a period of time after the seizure. After the seizure the victim will usually be very tired and sleepy. If the victim does not regain consciousness after the seizure and begins to experience more convulsions, the patient is in a more critical situation. The following first aid for a victim of an epileptic seizure should be given as necessary: The victim should be kept calm.

ARTICLES Alternative Arrangements of the Protein Chain are Possible for the Adenovirus Single-stranded DNA Binding Protein (p 1-8)

Glucose is the key food molecule for most organisms, and it is the central substance in carbohydrate metabolism. During digestion, carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to the monosaccharides glucose, fructose, and galactose, which are absorbed into the bloodstream through the lining of the small intestine. The liver regulates blood glucose levels so that a sufficient concentration is always available to meet the body's energy needs. A lower than normal blood glucose level is referred to as hypoglycemia, whereas a higher than normal blood glucose level is termed hyperglycemia. When blood glucose levels are high, excess glucose is converted into glycogen by the process of glycogenesis. Glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose and thus raises the blood glucose levels.

The risk factors that identify those neonates who are at-risk for sensorineural hearing impairment include the following: 1. Congenital infection known or suspected to be associated with sensorineural hearing impairment such as toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes. Ototoxic medications including but not limited to the aminoglycosides used for more than 5 days (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, streptomycin) and loop diuretics used in combination with aminoglycosides. Severe depression at birth, which may include infants with Apgar scores of 0-3 at 5 minutes or those who fail to initiate spontaneous respiration by 10 minutes or those with hypotonia persisting to 2 hours of age. The factors that identify those infants who are at-risk for sensorineural hearing impairment include the following: 1. Ototoxic medications including but not limited to the aminoglycosides used for more than 5 days (e.g, gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, streptomycin) and loop diuretics used in combination with aminoglycosides.

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and processing proteins for secretion a. tonoplast b. central vacuole c. ribosomes d. chloroplasts e. golgi appratus a. glycolysis b. fermentation c. proton transport through the ATP synthase d. Krebs cycle e. electron transport a. glycolysis b. fermentation c. proton transport through the ATP synthase d. Krebs cycle e. electron transport a. glycolysis b. fermentation c. proton transport through the ATP synthase d. Krebs cycle e. electron transport a. glycolysis b. fermentation c. proton transport through the ATP synthase d. Krebs cycle e. electron transport a. glycolysis b. fermentation c. proton transport through the ATP synthase d. Krebs cycle e. electron transport

SpecialStains 1.0 is a visual image database of histochemical stains for histotechnology, histopathology, pathology, histochemistry, histology, research, pharmaceutical companies, and biotechnology companies. SpecialStains is now available in Windows 95/NT and Macintosh formats that provides users with over 325 high-quality color digital images that illustrate and document the staining characteristics of common and uncommon stains utilized by histotechnology training programs, pathology services, and pharmaceutical and research facilities in their daily professional activities. The database contains visual and textual information on over 45 histochemical stains that can be selected by name, substance stained, etiologic agents, staining artifacts, and neurologic stains from pull-down menus. The database will be updated periodically and new stains, substances, etiologic agents, and artifacts will be added at reasonable intervals and provided to registered end-users at a nominal cost to cover the media required to transfer the updated database to the user. New stains, substances, etiologic agents, and artifacts will be added at reasonable intervals and provided to registered end-users at the cost of providing the media to transfer the the database to the user's system. Nocardia spp. Gastrospirillium/Helicobacter spp. Campylobacter spp. Gram negative Gram negative and positive Gram positive Leptospira spp. Treponema spp. Fungi/Yeast Blastomyces dermatitidis Candida albicans Coccidioides immitis Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptococcus neoformans Dermatomycosis (Ringworm) Mycelia/hyphae Spores Histoplasma spp. Malassezia spp. Pneumocystis carini Protozoa Toxoplasma/Sarcocystis spp. Chlamydia/Rickettsia/Coxiella Chlamydia spp. Rickettsia spp. Coxiella spp. Viruses DNA virus (nuclear inclusions) RNA virus (nuclear inclusions) DNA virus (cytoplasmic inclusions) Acid hematin Chatter Coverslip scratches Dandruff/Skin squames Floaters Folds/Wrinkles Graphite deposits Knife marks Lint over coverslip Lint under coverslip

The information contained in the Organizational Database (ODB) is provided for informational purposes only. There is no implied endorsement by NORD. NORD does not promote or endorse participation in any specific organization. The information is subject to change without notice. The information contained in the Rare Disease Database (RDB) is provided for educational purposes only. If you order the full text version of a report from NORD, you can contact the agencies listed in the Resources section for more detailed information and avenues to support.

Many people have an isolated seizure at some time in their lives. This is not the same thing as epilepsy, which means having a tendency to recurrent spontaneous seizures. A person with epilepsy can experience more than one type of seizure, but the pattern of seizures tends to remain fairly constant in an individual. The seizure may then take one of the following forms: The most dramatic form is the generalised tonic clonic convulsive seizure (still sometimes called a 'grand mal' seizure) in which the person becomes rigid, and may fall if standing. In simple partial seizures consciousness is not impaired and the seizure is confined to either rhythmical twitching of one limb, or part of a limb, or to unusual tastes or sensations such as pins and needles in a distinct part of the body. Convulsive Seizures The seizures can be frightening to watch, but the person having the seizure is not in pain and will have little or no memory of what has happened.

The March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation is a national not-for-profit organization that was established in 1938. Through the Campaign for Healthier Babies, the March of Dimes funds programs of research, community services, education, and advocacy. Educational programs that seek to prevent birth defects are important to the Foundation and to that end it produces a wide variety of printed informational materials and videos. The March of Dimes public health educational materials provide information encouraging health-enhancing behaviors that lead to a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. The information contained in the Rare Disease Database (RDB) is provided for educational purposes only. To READ the General Discussion (Abstract) section of a report, click on the disease Name.

Nutritional Support For: Heart Health Immune System Boost Anti Aging Detoxification Coenzyme Q-10 is responsible for generating 95% of the total energy extracted from the food you eat. In Japan more than 12 million people take daily doses of CoQ prescribed by their physicians as the "medication of choice" for prevention and treatment of heart and circulatory diseases. Hundreds of papers extolling the benefits of Coenzyme Q10 have been published in Japan, the Soviet Union, Europe, and more recently the United States. A combined study between the Center for Adult Diseases in Osaka, Japan and the University of Texas found that CoQ10 had the ability to lower blood pressure. Additional studies indicate that Coenzyme Q10 has been shown to be a potent antioxidant and as a immunologic stimulant. Coenzyme Q10 has been shown to be effective in preventing toxicity from a large number drugs used to treat older people and diseases of aging.

Neurons and glial cells originate from cells that line the ventricles during development - the number of neurons in adults are about 1/4 of those that are initially produced - most neurons have only a single axon - receive information from other neurons and send it out to either motor neurons or other interneurons - different segments of the axon serve as receptive surfaces (dendrites) or as transmitting surfaces (axon endings) oligodendrocytes (CNS) have processes that wrap around adjacent axons to form the myelin sheath (1 cell to many axons) while in the PNS, the entire Schwann cell wraps around the axon (1 cell to 1 axon)

The patient has nerve damage pain (neuropathic pain): Action The patient has nerve damage pain (neuropathic pain) Explain to the patient nature of neuropathic pain how it responds poorly to conventional pain-killers need to phase out unhelpful medication, and need to start him or her on antidepressant and/or anticonvulsant as adjuvant therapy. Assure the patient with pain-related insomnia that, given time, the new treatment should help them achieve a good night's sleep. The antidepressant amitriptyline - start at 10-25 mg in a single dose at bedtime and increase slowly, as required, to 50-75 mg. The anticonvulsant carbamazepine - a small starting dose is best, e.g. 100 mg twice daily with gradual increase of 100 mg daily every 3-4 days.

The first time I thought about the relationship of seizures to allergies was in December 1995. Subject: relationship between seizures and allergies For the first time since Aimie was diagnosed we feel that we may be getting somewhere with trying to establish WHY. We approached this mailing list as we feel an allergy, or allergies are the only explanation as to why the seizures occur. Aimie is 4.5 years old, diagnosed as epileptic last September, after 5 major seizures. Two out of three occasions Aimie has tried Coca-Cola for the first time in her life (Caramel E150 used as colouring). The other occasion she has eaten choc pudding with choc custard (Caramel E150 based) The main reason we feel we may have stumbled on something, is that last week Aimie was prescribed Tixylix for recurrent catarrh, which lists among its ingredients caramel (E150 !

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS External ear: Cerumen impaction One of commonest causes of sudden hearing loss Treat by removing wax External otitis - inflammation and swelling of canal skin Tumors of external canal Congenital aural atresia Middle ear - some further discussion in chapter on external and middle ear disorders Otitis media Acute - infectious or serous Chronic - serous Must always rule out possibility of nasopharyngeal carcinoma Tympanic membrane perforation or cholesteatoma Normal tympanic membrane with conductive hearing loss - suspect ossicular abnormality: otosclerosis, ossicular dislocation, etc. Sensorineural hearing loss - often associated with poor discrimination out of proportion to degree of pure tone sensitivity loss - this is due to distortion of sound by cochlea or nerve Congenital Hereditary Isolated sensorineural hearing loss Normal inner ear Abnormal inner ear (Scheibe, Mondini-Michelle, etc. ) Hearing loss with associated anomalies Acquired Prenatal infection, especially syphilis, rubella, CMV Prenatal drugs Birth trauma Developmental anomaly Hereditary but delayed onset Dominant or recessive Numerous syndromes, some with associated anomalies (example: Waardenburg's syndrome with white forelock, hypertelorism, etc. Counsel patient to avoid noise in future PREVENTION is key to reducing incidence Presbycusis - hearing loss of old age Not universal, etiology not known Central interpretation deficit complicates peripheral sensitivity loss No known cure Amplification can help, but hearing aids must be carefully fitted Cochlear distortion and central processing may preclude us Head trauma - temporal bone fracture, labyrinthine concussion,central damage Meniere's disease or syndrome Fluctuating hearing loss Characteristically associated with bouts of vertigo Anatomically correlated with endolymphatic hydrops Electrocochleograph (ECOG) frequently shows elevated summating potential ) In active phase, glycerol may improve hearing Treatment Medical: low-salt diet, diuretics, avoidance of caffeine,anti-vertigo medication, psychological support Surgical: for selected patients with progressive disease Luetic hearing loss (syphilis) Usually a fluctuating hearing loss - may mimic Meniere's Treponemas may remain in endolymph after eradicated from other sites in the body. If no recovery, explore and repair leak if found Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss Sudden hearing loss with no apparent cause Etiology obscure, could be viral, autoimmune, vascular,or allergic, to name a few suspected causes Diagnostic evaluation - should be extensive to rule out other causes Treatment - many therapies suggested - few are statistically proven except for bed rest and possibly 95% O2:5% CO2 inhalation and steroid therapies. Otosclerosis Sensorineural hearing loss often seen in association with otosclerosis of foot plate, but occurrence of pure sensorineural hearing loss is controversialTreatment with fluoride may be helpful Surgical trauma Central hearing loss - normal basic tone audiogram and impedance,impaired understanding and processingV. SIGNIFICANCE OF HEARING LOSS Acquired in adulthood Social and occupational handicap Loss of monitoring of environmental warning sounds Loss of pleasure of music, etc.

Message posted by gayle stowe (gstowe@dol.gov) on 12:7:10 7/19/96 Message: For years I have been unable to sleep. I can sleep on the sofa but even this is a partially awake sleep, but yet I can fall asleep. It worked beautifully but I went from 1mg to 6 mg. Now, about 15 yrs later I am on 3mg Ativan and 100 mg of Trazadone. With- out this I can stay away for up to 7 days, that's when I gave in and got more pills. Does anyone else out there have this type of buzz saw brain that refuses to sleep.

Your version of Netscape does not incorporate frames. For more information please contact Joan Mongillo: (203) 785-5296 or Fax: (203) 785-6534 Please send all mail to yalenmr@boreas.med.yale.edu with your valuable comments. Server established June 27th, 1995.

This page has been taken from HANTSNET - Hampshire County Council's Information Network. Please send comments and feedback to the Web Manager hantsweb@hants.gov.uk Produced by David Boyce of Hampshire County Council IT Services Department. Last updated on 19 April 1997.

Oxidation of glucose under aerobic conditions produces much more ATP than under aerobic conditions. Glucose ===> lactate, net yeild is 2 ATP Glucose ===> CO2 and H2O, net yield is 38 ATP Under aerobic conditions carbons from pyruvate can be processed by enzymes of the citiric acid cycle. This group is bound to the R group of a lysine and forms a flexible "arm" which binds the acetyl group and accepts two electrons in the process resulting in the reduction of the disulfide bond on lipoate and the oxidation of the acetyl group. The prosthetic group then transfers the acetyl group to CoA-SH forming Acetyl - CoA. 1 Acetyl CoA produces 1 GTP(ATP), 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 in the citric acid cycle. Net result is 2 C's IN as acetyl CoA and 2 C's OUT as CO2 producing a total of 12 ATP in the process (1 from GTP, 3 from each NADH, and 2 from FADH2).

San Francisco - Several studies presented here on the mechanisms through which the endothelium functions as both a mediator and target of atherosclerosis indicate that angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may play a crucial role in vascular protection. Other presentations of interest at this meeting included: The normal intact endothelium is a thin interface between the blood and the smooth muscle cells of the vasculature. "The endothelium is a very active organ that makes a huge number of biologically active substances that participate in the regulation of vascular tone, vascular structure, thrombosis, chemostasis and inflammation," explained Victor Dzau, MD, of the Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, and co-chairman of the symposium. The major risk factors associated with the etiology of endothelium pathology are hypertension, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, smoking and diabetes. Thicker capped lesions are more stable, and contain more crystallized LDL rather than fluid LDL. However, the development of plaque is not related solely to hyperlipidemia, but also to smoking and hypertension, two other significant atherosclerosis risk factors. In a satellite program entitled, " Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) as a Target For Multi-Mechanistic Vascular Protection," Douglas E. Vaughn, MD, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, provided evidence that the endothelium produces ACE, and that ang II binds to endothelial cells, stimulating not only vasoconstriction but also endothelial production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).

Ribosomes are the universal machines for translating the genetic code into protein. The basic organization and function of ribosomes is preserved in all organisms. Since the major macromolecular constituent of all cells is protein, cells require large numbers of ribosomes, especially during periods of rapid growth. We are interested in the RNA and protein components that participate in this process and the interplay between RNA processing pathways and the ribosomal assembly. We have developed a model to explain transcription termination in the leader region of the eleven gene S10 ribosomal protein operon induced by the ribosomal protein L4. RNA determinants required for L4 mediated attenuation control of the S10 r-protein operon of Escherichia coli.

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One of the important specialized pathways of a number of amino acids is the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. We use for purine nucleotides the entire glycine molecule (atoms 4, 5,7), the amino nitrogen of aspartate (atom 1), amide nitrogen of glutamine (atoms 3, 9), components of the folate-one-carbon pool(atoms 2, 8), carbon dioxide, ribose 5-P from glucose and a great deal of energy in the form of ATP. Either AMP, GMP, or IMP alone will inhibit the amidotransferase while AMP + GMP or AMP + IMP together act synergistically. ) The whole glycine molecule, at the expense of ATP adds to the amino group to provide what will eventually be atoms 4, 5, and 7 of the purine ring (The amino group of 5-phosphoribosyl amine becomes nitrogen N of the purine ring. There are several enzymes classified as nucleoside monophosphate kinases which catalyze the general reaction:(= represents a reversible reaction) Base-monophosphate + ATP = Base-diphosphate + ADP e.g. Adenylate kinase: AMP + ATP = 2 ADP There is a different enzyme for GMP, one for pyrimidines and also enzymes that recognize the deoxy forms. Base + Ribose 1-phosphate = Nucleoside + Pi (nucleoside phosphorylase) Nucleoside + ATP - Nucleotide + ADP (nucleoside kinase - irreversible) There is a uridine phosphorylase and kinase and a deoxythymidine phosphorylase and a thymidine kinase which can salvage some thymine in the presence of dR 1-P.

Vomiting is a condition in which your baby forcefully expells food or liquids from the stomach through the nose and/or mouth. prevent dehydration by giving adequate clear fluids (do not give your baby chicken broth) provide adequate calories in an easy digestible form; this will help the intestines to recover from the illness If your child is already on solids, you can give your child a "BRAT" diet. The "BRAT" diet consists of:   bananas rice cereal applesauce toast For infants, you may want to dilute the formula to 1/2 strength (1/2 water, 1/2 formula) for part of the day, and then advance to regular strength the other half of the day. These include: chicken noodle soup rice noodles mashed potatoes plain yogurt chicken, or lean meats   Milk and your child's usual diet are the last things to add to the diet, because it may be difficult to digest these products. vomits persistently beyond 12 hours for infants, or 24 hours for older children has both vomiting and diarrhea simultaneously has a stiff neck is lethargic (lazy, drowsy, tired) has a headache has signs of dehydration, and/or abdominal pain has difficulty breathing vomits a substance that is yellow or green more than three times does not urinate for over 8 hours is unable to keep any clear fluids in his/her system has sunken eyes, absent tears, and/or increased irritability

This response submitted by Jeff LaBar on 6/12/96. Author's Email: 75141.3011@compuserve.com Lawrence,KSThe below text did not make it into my previous response: 1. I have a friend with Parkinson's and is suffering from chronic fatigue and occassional depression. Article complete.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994 Nov 8;91(23):10771-8: Shigenaga MK; Hagen TM; Ames BN Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Mitochondrial DNA alterations as a source of human disorders. Mutat Res 1989 Sep;214(1):41-6: Ames BN Mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial DNA deletion in adult and senescent rats. Mutat Res 1989 Sep;214(1):41-6: Ames BN

The use of acid and base as classifications of chemical substances is an ancient one and predates even alchemy. Acids were originally substances that tasted sour and reacted with bases; bases were alkaline salts such as CaO (lime), NaOH, and KOH, while amphoteric substances were substances which could react with either acids or bases. According to his Arrhenius theory, an acid is any compound or ion which yields hydrogen ions in water solution and a base is any compound or ion which yields hydroxyl ions in water solution. The reaction including these "bystander ions" could be written as H+(aq) + C1-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) --> Na+(aq) + C1-(aq) + H2O The Arrhenius concept was not intended to, and does not, deal with acid-base chemistry in solvents other than water. This is of itself no obstacle because ammonia might well produce hydroxyl ion by reaction with water: NH3(aq) + H2O --> NH3.HOH --> NH4OH --> NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) However, no experimental evidence for NH4OH yet exists. According to the Bronsted-Lowry concept, an acid is any compound or ion which can give up a proton, while a base is any compound or ion which can accept a proton.

This article submitted by A. Marshall NYC 10/25/96 on 10/25/96. I am in the process of switching from Tegretal to Lamictal and have only four more weeks to go before I hope to be Tegretal free. weight control.My sleep is not as deep as before but I am also much more alert most of the time. Here is a list of responses that have been posted to this article. You now have TWO OPTIONS: Post a new Article or post a Response to this Article If you would like to post a Response to this article, fill out this form completely.

(a) Only deletions with sequenced breakpoints are included. Reported deletion juctions may be approximate due to the presence identical repeat sequences at the break points. Alternate junctions may be reported in the cited literature due to the inherent ambiguities of the direct repeats. Other reports of multiple deletions mapped within an individual have been published without specific sequence data for the deletion breakpoints (15, 255, 261, 375, 466, 525, 531, 567, 569). (c) Patient ID # = identification number of specific individual examined in cited work. Return to the mitochondrial map homepage

I have been on Tegretal for 7 years now, and every 6 months Tegretal works by using you regularely as Tegretal can damage it! Another thing to note is that Tegretal slows down your Personally, I take 400mg Tegretal CR nightly as my net is to avoid sleeping pills (nulls out tegretal), and