Can you tell me anything about melatonin? I've heard that it helps you get to sleep and sleep more soundly, giving you more energy the next day. Though in small amounts these products may be safe and effective sleep aids, there are no established guidelines which address the recommended dose, duration and side effects. The FDA's Office of Consumer Affairs has acknowledged the role of the hormone melatonin in regulating sleep, but the agency states that it is "not aware of any substantial published scientific evidence which documents that any melatonin products are generally recognized as safe and effective for sleeplessness and other conditions. Consumers interested in using melatonin supplements should first consult with a health care provider or pharmacist. In "Melatonin: Your Body's Natural Wonder Drug" (Bantam Books, 1995), Russel Reiter, PhD, recommends eating the following melatonin-rich foods about one hour before bedtime: oats sweet corn rice barley ginger tomatoes bananas Last update: 8/7/96 Next update: 8/14/96

As mentioned in the PRIMER, the pineal gland hangs on the brain behind its very center. French 18th century scientist Rene Descartes thought that the pineal gland was the core of the soul, noting that it was the only unpaired organ in the body, and located in the center of the brain. " In fact, the pineal gland is the "third eye" of the brain, and is responsible for telling the brain when it is day or night. The cells of the pineal gland are unique in that they are not related to either the support cells of the brain (i.e. astrocytes, etc. For this reason, true pineal cell tumors are quite different from other brain tumors. They include: Pinealocytoma ("benign" pineal cell tumor) Pineoblastoma (more aggressive pineal cell tumor) Pineal germinoma ( aggressive primitive cell tumor growing in the pineal region) Pineal teratomas (rare tumors of multiple cell types that grow in the pineal region) Pineal Cysts (most often not treated, unless large enough to cause hydrocephalus or visual symptoms) Making the Diagnosis A combination of CAT scan, MRI, and spinal fluid studies (including "markers" such as AFP, and spinal fluid cytology), will aid the surgeon to deliver a very good guess or outright diagnosis.

WWWebster Dictionary - Search screen [Thesaurus Search] 4 words found. To view an entry in the list, highlight it and click on GO TO. minimal minimal art minimal brain dysfunction minimal pair

In order to promote interoperability, however, it is useful to define the concept of "MIME-conformance" to define a certain level of implementation that allows the useful interworking of messages with content that differs from US ASCII text. Recognize and interpret the Content-Type header field, and avoid showing users raw data with a Content-Type field other than text. Explicitly handle the following Content-Type values, to at least the following extents: Text: Recognize and display "text" mail with the character set "US-ASCII. How such data are handled is up to an implementation, but likely options for handling such unrecognized data include offering the user to write it into a file (decoded from its mail transport format) or offering the user to name a program to which the decoded data should be passed as input. The meaning of this phrase is that it is assumed to be "safe" to send virtually any kind of properly-marked data to users of such mail systems, because such systems will at least be able to treat the data as undifferentiated binary, and will not simply splash it onto the screen of unsuspecting users. There is another sense in which it is always "safe" to send data in a format that is MIME conformant, which is that such data will not break or be broken by any known systems that are conformant with RFC 821 and RFC 822.

Abstract, May 1996 - Large benign pineal cysts: two case reports with review A Publication of Texas Medical Association Abstract of Texas Medicine Article, May 1996 Large benign pineal cysts: two case reports with review Robert C. Hardy, MD While small benign cysts of the pineal gland are a common incidental autopsy finding in the adolescent and adult years, lesions larger than 0.5 cm in diameter are rare. Cysts 2 cm or larger may cause neurologic symptoms and signs from aqueductal obstruction and tectal compression. Large pineal cysts have an almost 3 to 1 predominance in women, and the high incidence of recent or old bleed into the cyst suggests that it may be a factor in its expansion. In most instances, sequential MRI monitoring of even large, asymptomatic benign pineal cysts remains unchanged, and only rarely is surgical or stereotactic intervention necessary. Send mail to webmaster@texmed.org with questions or comments about this Web site.

What we do know is that it is a structure in the brain, and it may secrete melatonin. That's why it would be interesting to find an association with SIDS - not only might it tell us something about the mechanism of SIDS, but we would learn something about the pineal gland AKA pineal body. In addition to what Rachael has already answered about the pineal gland and melatonin, a function of the pineal gland is related to regulation of sleep. The possible link to SIDS is related to theories that impaired regulation (control) of sleep is important in understanding risk for SIDS. At this time, the validity of these theories is still unclear but the research in progress is important and may yet yield important information. These theories about sleep regulation are thus very valid even though not all studies have confirmed that the pineal gland is indeed smaller in SIDS.

Sinusoidal 50 Hz, 500 microT magnetic field has no acute effect on urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin in Wistar rats. [Pineal functioning (melatonin levels) in healthy children of different ages. The influence of season, photoperiod, and pineal melatonin on immune function. Modification of circadian body temperature rhythm during the luteal menstrual phase: role of melatonin. Bidirectional effect of electromagnetic fields on ketanserin-induced yawning in patients with multiple sclerosis: the role of melatonin. [The effect of epiphysectomy and destruction of the lateral septal nucleus of the brain on the genital system in juvenile rats under different light regimens (the interaction of gonadostat++ and photoperiodic mechanisms in the regulation of ovarian functions)].

The Pineal Gland, LSD, and Serotonin - Updated: Monday March 3, 1997 at 11:52 AM [9] We know that the parietal eye is functional because there are changes in electrical activity, which can be recorded from the retina (ERG) or parietal eye nerve when light to the eye is turned off or on. [26] Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in the following manner: (1) An N-acetylating enzyme converts serotonin to N-acetylserotonin; (2) the latter compound is O-methylated through the action of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). In the last section we described some of the physiology of serotonin, the pineal gland and its synthesis of the hormones serotonin and melatonin. I have mentioned the location of serotonin production and note here that the serotonin is transported via the bloodstream to the nerve cells throughout the body, but most especially in the neurons of the brain. Because of LSD's antagonistic effect on serotonin and the pineal gland itself, it would seem quite likely there is a chemical relationship between mental illness and deficiencies of serotonin.

One documented biological response to EMF is suppression of the normal nighttime increase in production of a hormone, melatonin, by the pineal gland, which is the organ responsible for day-night cycles in our bodies. Reiter found that when rats were exposed for a month to an electric field, the nighttime rise in melatonin was significantly reduced, but the amount of suppression was the same at all intensities of EMF exposure. This experiment shows that low-frequency EMFs can depress nighttime melatonin levels and suggests that interaction with the pineal is one possible mechanism by which EMF affects humans. However, experiments are now underway to: measure melatonin levels in people exposed to EMF, determine if EMF can reduce melatonin levels and by how much, and correlate reduced melatonin levels with health effects like spontaneous abortion or cancer. When we can say, without a doubt, that exposure to EMF results in an inhibition of pineal melatonin in humans, we will have found a major piece of the puzzle of how EMF exposure could have an effect on our well-being. But the complete puzzle will still not be solved because it will then be necessary to find out how much of a decrease in melatonin is required to affect humans and whether or not exposure to EMF has the ability to decrease melatonin to that extent.

The Pineal Gland, LSD, and Serotonin - Updated: Thursday February 27, 1997 at 10:49 AM To present correlations between the Pineal Gland, the psychopharmacological molecule LSD and, it's antagonistic neurotransmitter Serotonin. Brief Description of the Discovery - Historical Findings Descartes Ancient anatomy - to 14th Century Initial misinterpretations of evidence Description of the General Location of the Pineal Gland Brain sections surrounding the pineal Where the Serotonin is manufactured The location of the pineal in various animals Pacific Treefrog - Hyla regilla Sea Lamprey - Petromyzon marinus Western Fence Lizard - Sceloporus occidentalis South American mammal-like reptile - Lystrosaurus murrayi The Optic "Third Eye" Compared to the Endocrinal Pineal Gland The various animals with protruding pineal receptors Other evidence of the optical quality of the Pineal Gland Speculation of the connectional relation of the semi-mythical 'Third Eye' and the factual pineal gland Recent Findings of Pineal Function and Its Physiology Biorhythmic cycles Sex hormones and their relation to light Day/night cycles (circadian - light/dark phases) Serotonin and melatonin - their role in the Pineal Serotonin, LSD and the Pineal Gland The antagonistic aspect of LSD on Serotonin Personal speculation on meditation's effect on the Pineal Gland and Serotonin production Personal speculation of how Light (love-light) effects the Epiphysis Research Needed for Further Understanding - How This All Relates Further experimentation with light on the pineal of various animals and humans Further experimentation on LSD-Serotonin Antagonism Further research on meditation's effect (that is, certain frequency brain waves) on Serotonin/Melatonin production Concluding remarks on how this information is useful to one's life now - how to further alter the delicate chemistry of the body without ingestion of substance Footnotes and Reference Bibliography and Literature Cited [26] Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in the following manner: (1) An N-acetylating enzyme converts serotonin to N-acetylserotonin; (2) the latter compound is O-methylated through the action of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). In the last section we described some of the physiology of serotonin, the pineal gland and its synthesis of the hormones serotonin and melatonin. I have mentioned the location of serotonin production and note here that the serotonin is transported via the bloodstream to the nerve cells throughout the body, but most especially in the neurons of the brain.

Brief Description of the Discovery - Historical Findings Descartes Ancient anatomy - to 14th Century Initial misinterpretations of evidence Description of the General Location of the Pineal Gland Brain sections surrounding the pineal Where the Serotonin is manufactured The location of the pineal in various animals Pacific Treefrog - Hyla regilla Sea Lamprey - Petromyzon marinus Western Fence Lizard - Sceloporus occidentalis South American mammal-like reptile - Lystrosaurus murrayi The Optic "Third Eye" Compared to the Endocrinal Pineal Gland The various animals with protruding pineal receptors Other evidence of the optical quality of the Pineal Gland Speculation of the connectional relation of the semi-mythical 'Third Eye' and the factual pineal gland Recent Findings of Pineal Function and Its Physiology Biorhythmic cycles Sex hormones and their relation to light Day/night cycles (circadian - light/dark phases) Serotonin and melatonin - their role in the Pineal Serotonin, LSD and the Pineal Gland The antagonistic aspect of LSD on Serotonin Personal speculation on meditation's effect on the Pineal Gland and Serotonin production Personal speculation of how Light (love-light) effects the Epiphysis Research Needed for Further Understanding - How This All Relates Further experimentation with light on the pineal of various animals and humans Further experimentation on LSD-Serotonin Antagonism Further research on meditation's effect (that is, certain frequency brain waves) on Serotonin/Melatonin production Concluding remarks on how this information is useful to one's life now - how to further alter the delicate chemistry of the body without ingestion of substance Footnotes and Reference Bibliography and Literature Cited The goal is to synthesize information gathered about the pineal gland, the psychopharmacological molecule LSD, and the neurotransmitter serotonin. [26] Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in the following manner: (1) An N-acetylating enzyme converts serotonin to N-acetylserotonin; (2) the latter compound is O-methylated through the action of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). In the last section we described some of the physiology of serotonin, the pineal gland and its synthesis of the hormones serotonin and melatonin. I have mentioned the location of serotonin production and note here that the serotonin is transported via the bloodstream to the nerve cells throughout the body, but most especially in the neurons of the brain. Because of LSD's antagonistic effect on serotonin and the pineal gland itself, it would seem quite likely there is a chemical relationship between mental illness and deficiencies of serotonin.

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These Public GuestBooks are intended for Patients, Family and Friends as a way to: post Public information, comments and feedback If you are interested in a referral for a medical opinion, consult the MGH Neurosurgical Service, the Neurosurgical Service Referral Page, or see the MGH Brain Tumor Center Referral Page or go to one of the many Neurosurgical Specialites listed at our main site. Try: The NeuroWebforum from MGH Neurology http://dem0nmac.mgh.harvard.edu/neurowebforum/neurowebforum.html The USC Neurosurgical Information Resource: http://www.usc.edu/hsc/neurosurgery/inquiries.html The NYU Neurosurgery Electronic Consultation Service: http://mcns10.med.nyu.edu/consult/Neuroconsult.html Please, send copies of their responses to us so that we can make any generally applicable portions available and so that we can direct others to sites that you find useful. To the Brain Tumor Center at MGH or iformation on Referrals to BTC at MGH, to MGH Neurosurgery or to other services at the MGH (MGH Physician Referral Service) My mother is about to begin radiation therapy within the next two weeks for a benign brain tumor located on the pons (approximately 3 cm. I am concerned about the side effects/long term effects of radiation therapy on the surrounding area of the brain as well as her general health following radiation therapy.

Maybe we can help, because after 6 years of non-medical, natural health care service at our "real" Natureworks home in northwest Montana, we are now ready to invite you to our "virtual" Natureworks home where our continuing goal is to build an interactive relationship with you - from which you will begin to feel better and better. As we cruise the incredible plethora (I love that word) of information and services available on the Net, we like to know up-front what each page is about. Here's how it works: 1) You read through our Natureworks home page to learn about our story, then 2) You add our information and ideas to the other health care options you have looked at in your attempts to feel better, and 3) If Natureworks feels right to you, just fill out and return the Lifestyle Survey form. She was no longer allergic to foods! She could eat what she wanted - the proof was in the pizza! The whole food concentrates had worked! So David and I began studying the testing methodology and healing protocols using whole food concentrates. The results have been impressive! WHERE WE ARE NOW When we first began testing folks 6 years ago we used a muscle testing method called Contact Reflex Analysis (CRA) and followed up the findings with specific Standard Process whole food concentrates. So, while we'd like to tell you which foods to eat to accomplish the same things that Standard Process products do, we simply are not aware of how to easily get this type of nutrition in ordinary food.

If you do not have a copy of Mathematica handy, you may want to also view the evaluated version

Hello and welcome to the HTML Authoring Course!

Molscript, A minimal input file This is a minimal MolScript input file; this line is a comment. Read the coordinate file. Xform all so that the centre- by centre position atom * of-gravity is placed at origin. Output a CA trace of the chain.

Groups of myelinated fibres fan out in a horizontal plane to form a branching network from which fibres ascend, usually accompanying blood vessels, to form a mesh of interlacing nerves in the superficial dermis. The brain receives two types of sensations: (1) superficial sensations, including pain, temperatue and crude touch, and (2) deep sensations, including sense of position, sense of movement, vibration sense, muscle sense and fine touch. There are two types of receptors: (1) tonic slowly-adapting receptors: as the nociceptors (pain receptors) which continue to transmit impulses to the brain as long as the stimulus is applied, thus keeping the CNS continuously informed about the state of the body; and (2) phasic rapidly-adapting receptors: as Pacinian corpuscles--these receptors adapt rapidly and cannot be used to transmit a continuous signal to the CNS -they are stimulated only when the stimulus strength is changed. Touch sensation is provoked by a harmless stimulus to the skin allowing us to distinguish between hard and soft objects; touch receptors belong to the class of mechanoreceptors and many of them can be found around hair follicles, so removal of hair decreases touch sensitivity; the tips of the fingers and lips are rich in touch receptors. Tickle and itch: These sensations are experienced when mild stimulation of the pain nerve endings occurs; there are also specific free nerve endings for itch sensation; tickle and itch sensations are transmitted by group C unmyelinated nerve fibres; histamine produces itch while pain signals suppress it; tickle is itch produced by light external moving stimuli and is a pleasurable sensation; itch is an annoying sensation while pain is unpleasant; itch sensation excites the scratch reflex. Temperature sensation: Receptors for warmth and cold are specialized free nerve endings; a rise in skin temperature above body temperature causes a sensation of warmth, while a fall in skin temperature below body temperature is experienced as cold sensation; pain is felt if skin temperature increases above 45

A model of a `unit' circuit based on data drawn from the rat hippocampus area CA1 has been developed to run on the CM-5. The circuit contains 27 excitatory neurones and one each of three different types of inhibitory neurone. The neural circuitry involved includes the output neurones (motoneurones), two classes of interneurones which are inhibitory to motoneurones (Renshaw cells and reciprocal group 1a interneurones) and other interneurones which mediate group 1b and group II receptors. This, combined with the generally accepted role of the hippocampus in short-term memory storage, leads to speculation that the hippocampus may well function as an associative memory in a similar way to the artificial neural networks. File systems to support continuous media have been developed, but current systems impose unnecessarily restrictive conditions on concurrent access either by both continuous media and non-real-time clients or by multiple continuous media clients. This project aims to build a high performance parallel file system for continuous media that supports concurrent use by multiple, independent real-time clients, each of which is guaranteed a minimum data rate, multiple non-real-time clients. Specifically, the project will define algorithms for providing the maximum guaranteed performance for the delivery of continuous media files stored over distributed parallel disks, determining if and when a new continuous media client can be accepted for a continuous media file stored over distributed parallel disks, providing the maximum non-real-time data rate for a given guaranteed data rate, and using redundant information to maintain guaranteed data rates after a disk failure.

Such models have allowed us to demonstrate that mu and delta opioids and alpha 2 adrenergic agonists can reduce in a dose dependent and pharmacologically specific fashion the release of sP and CGRP, suggesting that these agents may act upon receptors which are presynaptic to the primary afferent. Click here for Spinal Analgesic Efficacy Table The above table summarizes several of the families of spinal sites characterized by our laboratory group and their relative efficacy in the pain models which yield an acute response (hot plate, tail flick, or the phase 1 of the formalin), a tissue injury-induced hyperalgesia (phase 2 of the formalin test, inflamed knee joint), a nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia (Bennett model), or tactile allodynia (Chung model). The activity of the w-conopeptides (N-Calcium channel blockers) and NMDA antagonists defined in the neuropathic pain models recently have been shown to have prominent efficacy in human neuropathic pain after spinal delivery. Thus, we have shown that spinal drugs which can produce a given effect by the occupancy of a small fraction of the receptor population (high efficacy) will show a smaller incrementation in dose than drugs which must occupy a large fraction of the receptor population (low efficacy). Intense pain may yield states where agents which are otherwise "full agonists" may become in effect partial agonists. In addition to the work on the functional changes in sensitivity associated with peripheral nerve injury, this group has established close collaborative interactions with Robert Myers (Anesthesiology) and Nigel Calcutt (Pathology) in considering the changes in peripheral nerve morphology that are produced by various injuries to the peripheral nerve.

Both tumor markers, alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin, are elevated with embryonal cell carcinomas. Malignant tumors of the pineal gland have prolonged T1 and T2 relaxation times, and their infiltrative growth incites a perifocal edema. Pineal region masses account for 1% to 2% of all brain tumors in adults, but constitute 3% to 8% of intracranial tumors in children. These tumors account for more than two thirds of all pineal region masses and include in order of decreasing frequency germinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor and embryonal carinoma. Tumors that arise from pineal parenchymal cells account for less than 15% of all pineal region neoplasms and include pineocytoma (benign) and pineoblastoma (malignant). pineal embryonal cell carcinoma brain tumor pediatrics Next Page |

The TroGARD systems offers increased safety and convenience while reducing trauma and costs. It features a dilating, multi-use, universal trocar with an electronic safety shield that eliminates the need for screw threads. The cannulae contain an integral slide convertor that changes gasket sizes at the touch of a finger. The Universal Plus System provides high-volume hand-controlled Suction/Irrigation plus monopolar hand or foot-controlled electrosurgery. Interchangeable electrodes and S/I cannulae are available in a wide variety of tip configurations. Available in a variety of blade styles, the scissors feature extended insulation and a universal cord for safety and convenience.

Gustav remained minimal storm, threatened only shipping Gustav remained minimal storm, threatened only shipping Gustav weakened to a tropical depression with winds less than 39 mph on Sept. Little but shipping was effected by Gustav. Gustav never gained winds stronger than 45 mph during its life. A National Hurricane Center graphic shows the extent of Gustav's tropical storm force winds during its life.

srctrigger=foo.c srcname="source for the foo program" # per-host: # per-target: The `# per-host:' and `# per-target:' lines divide the file into the three required sections. The `srctrigger' line names a file. configure checks to see that this file exists in the source directory before configuring. If the `srctrigger' file does not exist, configure uses the value of `srcname' to print an error message about not finding the source. This particular example uses no links, and only the default host, target, and site-specific `Makefile' fragments if they exist.

Some of the important examples of localized pruritus are as follows: Scalp : Eczema-especially seborrhoeic and contact, neurodermatitis, psoriasis Eyelid : Airborne irritants or allergens; allergic reactions to make-up and nail vanish Nose : Hay fever Fingers : Eczema, scabies, fowl mite infestation Legs : Gravitational and discoid eczema, asteatosis 3.2 General Pruritus (A) External Causes (i) Climatic - low humidity e.g. due to cold weather or central heating may renders the skin brittle, and allows minor irritant such as soap to penetrate, causing mild inflammation and pruritus. (i) Infectious causes (including tropical and intestinal parasites) (a) Rubella (b) Varicella (c) Trichinosis (d) Onchocerciasis (e) Schistosomiasis (e) Fungal infection (generalized pruritus has been associated with localized fungal infection) (ii) Endocrine disease (a) Diabetes - general pruritus is not a manifestation of diabetes mellitus (Greaves) and the pruritus is usually localized (e.g. itchiness of genitalia or perianal area due to candidiasis; and pruritus of scalp) (b) Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism (due to skin dryness) (c) Disorders of the parathyroid gland (d) Carcinoid syndrome (iii) Hepatic disease (a) Pregnancy - intrahepatic cholestasis (b) Obstructive jaundice (in biliary tract or extrahepatic, e.g. carcinoma of Ampulla of Vater) (c) Primary biliary cirrhosis (d) Drug induced cholestasis - intrahepatic biliary obstruction e.g. chlorpromazine, contraceptive pills, testosterone (iv) Renal disease Pruritus is common among patients with chronic renal failure. (v) Haematological diseases (including lymphoproliferative disorders) (a) Polycythaemia vera - pruritus may occur after contact with water or after a hot bath (the pruritus after a hot shower is neither sensitive nor specific for polycythaemia, as it can occur in Hodgkin's Disease, myeloid metaplasia, or other disorders, not to mention the vasodilatation produced by heat may enhance itchiness of almost any causes). (c) Tumor of brain - associated with pruritus of nostril (vii) Autoimmue disease SLE, 'Sicca syndrome' (viii) Neurological Tabes may give rise to segmental pruritus. GPI Multiple sclerosis Brain tumor Paroxysmal unilateral pruritus has been recorded with central nervous system disease (ix) Psychiatric/Psychogenic causes Emotional stress and psychological trauma intensifies all form of pruritus and neurosis may be the cause for pruritus. (ii) The treatment of the pruritus of some of the specific disorders is as follows: (a) Aquagenic pruritus - the pruritus responds poorly to antihistamine treatment but may respond to UVB and phototherapy.

Adjuvant therapy - A treatment given in addition to the main treatment (for example, chemotherapy as well as surgery) to try to prevent a cancer from coming back. Although aimed at the cancer cells, chemotherapy will also unavoidably affect rapidly dividing normal cells such as in the hair (hair loss), and gut (nausea), blood & bone marrow (anemia or neutropenia), and sperm (infertility) which are usually temporary and reversible. Extragonadal germ cell tumor - An extragonadal germ cell tumor is a primary germ cell tumor located outside of the testicles (or ovaries). Essentially, 100 per cent of patients with trophoblastic tumors and 40-60 per cent of patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, including all patients with choriocarcinoma, 80% of patients with embryonal carcinoma, and 10-25% of patients with pure seminoma, demonstrate elevated levels of beta HCG. The serum half life of beta hCG is 24 to 36 hours, which implies that elevated concentrations should return to normal within 5 to 7.5 days after surgery if all tumor is removed. (Ex: Radiation therapy) Lymph - A nearly colorless fluid that bathes body tissues and contains cells that help the body fight infection. Sertoli cell tumor - Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors are rare tumors of the testicle.

Back to previous level Cysts Baylor COM:Cysts of the Larynx Columbia U.:Cowper's Duct Cysts Columbia U.:Mullerian Duct Cysts Columbia U.:Seminal Vesicle Cysts Harvard U.:Splenic Pseudocyst Loyola U.:Median Raphe Cyst of the Penis Med. :Endometrial Cysts U. of Iowa:An Introduction to Basic Dermatology: Cysts#5 U. of Iowa:Benign Cyst Kidney Ultrasound U. of Iowa:Dermatology Differential Diagnosis by Morphology: Cyst Lesions U. of Iowa:Physiologic Cyst Ultrasound U. of Iowa:Thymic cyst U. of Pennsylvania:Bartholin's Gland Cyst U. of Pennsylvania:Ovary, Inclusion Cyst U. of Utah Webpath:Paratubal cyst, gross Neoplasms by Histologic Type Neoplasms by Site Neoplasms, Experimental Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms, Multiple Primary Neoplasms, Post-Traumatic Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced Neoplasms, Second Primary Harvard U.:Secondary Bone Scan Findings and Second Primaries in Patients with Breast Cancer NCI:Adjuvant Tamoxifen Therapy for Early Stage Breast Cancer and Second Primary Malignancies NCI:Mutagen Sensitivity as a Risk Factor for Second Malignant Tumors Following Malignancies of the Upper Aerodigestive Neoplastic Processes Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary Paraneoplastic Syndromes Washington U.:Paraneoplastic Syndromes Polyps Med. Ctr.:Cholesterol Polyps U. of Utah Webpath:Endometrial polyp, gross Precancerous Conditions Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic U. of Pennsyvania Oncolink:NCI/PDQ Physician Statement: Breast cancer and pregnancy Tumor Virus Infections AMA:JAMA Contempo Issue: Obstetrics and Gynecology Canadian Med. :Periodic health examination, 1995 update: 1. Screening for human papillomavirus infection in asymptomatic women NCI:Human Papillomavirus Infections in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers From Renal Transplant Recipients and Nonimmunosuppressed Patients U. of Tennessee/Memphis:Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Last update: 04/25/97

When blood composition fluctuates the BBB functions as a protective insulator and attempts to maintain a relatively constant internal environment for neural cells, The BBB is basically a barrier to the diffusion of molecules between the bloodstream and brain tissue. Unlike serotonin, dietary tryptophan can penetrate the BBB and enter brain tissue. Transport is proportional to blood concentration, Therefore, the amount of tryptophan that penetrates the BBB is ultimately determined by the ratio between free, unbound tryptophan and competing amino acids. Free, unbound tryptophan increases in concentration, achieves the competitive advantage at the BBB, and is preferentially transported through the endathelial cell membrane by carrier proteins. SYNTHESIS OF SEROTONIN After penetrating the BBB, tryptophan is taken up by the paraneuron cells of the pineal as well as the neurons of the serotoneoic pathway. Tryptophan loading produces a significant increase in brain tryptophan levels and a subsequent increase in serotonin levels.

Radiologic Findings: Large 2.1 x 2.7 x 2.9 cm (AP, lateral, c-c) mass in the pineal region. Pineoblastoma is a malignant neoplasm composed of undifferentiated pineal cells. Typically this lesion exhibits calcifications along the periphery of the mass as opposed to germinoma (typically central) or teratoma (dispersed). Following contrast administration on MR studies, this lesion typically exhibits dense enhancement. Pineoblastoma is in the category of pineal cell tumors. The benign counterpart to the malignant pineoblastoma is the pineocytoma.

This article submitted by on 10/28/96. I recall reading some where in all this info that is provided on the net,of someone having migraines and had had an MRI done and a "cyst" was discovered on the pineal gland. I too, had an MRI and I also have a "cyst" on my pineal gland and I was told it had nothing to do with my migraines, so, I was just wondering if there were others out there that may have had an MRI with the same results and had been told the same thing. Here is a list of responses that have been posted to this article. You now have TWO OPTIONS: Post a new Article or post a Response to this Article If you would like to post a Response to this article, fill out this form completely.

The management of brain tumors in children differs in many respects from that of tumors in the adult population, and as a result, children are often subject to unique surgical complications. In addition to the problems of hydrocephalus and hematomata, a peculiar syndrome of "pseudobulbar palsy" has been described, in which stupor, irritability, emotional lability, dysarthria, mutism, nystagmus, and facial diplegia may occur around 72 hours after surgery for midline extrinsic posterior fossa tumors (20) . Several studies have indicated that the prophylactic use of cimetidine, ranitidine, or antacid to keep the gastric pH greater than 4 is useful in protecting patients with severe head injuries or other critically ill patients (27, 28,29) . At primary surgery, there is usually a good plane between the tumor and the surrounding vascular structures, but there is often infiltration of the pituitary stalk, hypothalamus, and optic chiasm which makes total excision impossible without major post-operative morbidity in some patients. Even in the small minority of patients in whom radical excision can be accomplished with anatomic preservation of the pituitary stalk, patients usually require endocrine replacement. In addition to frank vascular injury which is clearly recognized during the surgical procedure, patients who have undergone radical surgery for craniopharyngioma also appear to be at risk for the delayed development of fusiform dilatation of the carotid artery ipsilateral to the operative approach (46) .

Sleeping on the Job during Night Shifts May Be Associated with Extended Night Shifts and/or Variable Night Shift Onset Times When mothers were denervated at the 7th, 10th or 11th day of gestation, pups showed disruption of testicular MDH activity circadian rhythms. When denervated mothers (7th day of gestation) were treated with a daily dose of melatonin from the 11th to the 14th day of gestation, pups showed a MDH activity circadian rhythm. Sleeping on the Job during Night Shifts May Be Associated with Extended Night Shifts and/ or Variable Night Shift Onset Times In order to detect factors that could be associated with sleeping on the job, we compared those who slept (sleep group - S) with those who did not sleep (non-sleep group - NS) as to the number of night shifts, the average length of night shifts, the variability in night shift onset and offset times and the length of sleep episodes at home between consecutive night shifts. Sleepiness, on the other hand, decreased throughout the day, with the highest level associated with the first test of the day, suggesting a circadian pattern of variation rather than a cumulative effect due to school activities.

Select a subject below to view related links Glial Origin Tumors   WHO Classification of Tumors affecting the CNS   Astrocytomas: Types and Therapy   Astrocytomas   Low Grade Gliomas PP   Glioma-Case Study   Astocytoma--Case Study   Astrocytoma--Case Study   Astrocytoma--Case Study   Astrocytoma--Case Study   Anaplastic Astrocytoma--Radiology Case Study   Glioblastoma Multiforme   Glioblastomas   Glioblastoma Multiforme--Case Study   Glioblastoma Multiforme--Case Study   Glioblastoma Multiforme--Case Studies   Glioblastoma Multiforme--Radiology Case Study   Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma--Case Study   Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma--Case Study   Optic Glioma--Case Study   Optic Nerve Glioma--Case Study   Cerebellar Pilocytic Astrocytoma--Case Study   Pilocytic Cerebellar Astrocytoma--Radiology Case Study   Childhood Visual Pathway Glioma   Childhood Brain Stem Gliomas   Childhood Cerebellar Astrocytoma   Childhood Cerebral Astrocytoma   What Is Tuberous Sclerosis? Schwannoma--Case Study   Acoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma)--Case Studies   Vestibular Schwannoma--Case Study   National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: The Neurofibromatoses   The National Neurofibromatosis Foundation   What is Neurofibromatosis? Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Family Alliance Homepage   VHL in the brain and spinal cord   Von Hippel Lindau Disease: Genetic, Clinical, and Imaging Features   Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome--Case Study

Blank's research program emphasizes the neuroendocrine regulation of reproductive and metabolic activities, including those related to behavior. His research exploits methodology that allows an assessment of reproductive and metabolic adaptations at multiple levels of biological organization extending from the cell to whole organism. Specifically, three research areas are emphasized: (1) The gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuronal system and its regulation of reproductive function. This approach may develop into regional lake water quality goals for the U.S. Current graduate student projects include an assessment of the water quality impact of harvesting, a comparison of phosphorus entrainment in lakes of different morphology, an ecoregional study of plankton, and a study of succession in littoral zone macroinvertebrates. As biochemical limnologists, our research group investigates community and ecosystem level processes in the Great Lakes and inland lakes from a biochemical and molecular biological basis. Our research provides a scientific understanding of chemical and biochemical processes in a plankton community and the way in which algae, bacteria and zooplankton interact to form a complex organized system.

This dictionary explains terms the patient with a brain tumor is likely to hear or read. Copyright © 1991, 1993 by American Brain Tumor Association ISBN 0-944093-27-2 Reproduction without prior written permission is prohibited. cerebrospinal fluid (ser e bro spi' nal flu' id) The clear fluid made in the ventricular cavities of the brain that bathes the brain and spinal cord. metastatic brain tumor (meh tah stat' ick brain tu' mor) A brain tumor caused by cancer elsewhere in the body spreading to the brain. nervous system (nur' vus sis' tem) The entire integrated system of nerve tissue in the body: the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. PNET Primitive Neuroectodermal T umor primary brain tumor (pri' mar ee brane tu' mor) Original source of tumor is the brain rather than other areas of the body.

This dictionary explains terms the patient with a brain tumor is likely to hear or read. Copyright © 1991, 1993 by American Brain Tumor Association ISBN 0-944093-27-2 Reproduction without prior written permission is prohibited. cerebrospinal fluid (ser e bro spi' nal flu' id) The clear fluid made in the ventricular cavities of the brain that bathes the brain and spinal cord. metastatic brain tumor (meh tah stat' ick brain tu' mor) A brain tumor caused by cancer elsewhere in the body spreading to the brain. nervous system (nur' vus sis' tem) The entire integrated system of nerve tissue in the body: the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. PNET Primitive Neuroectodermal T umor primary brain tumor (pri' mar ee brane tu' mor) Original source of tumor is the brain rather than other areas of the body.

Sharon Seltzer: The initial CT scan of the head (Figure 1), obtained without contrast material, shows homogeneous intrasellar tissue at least 10 mm in height, without calcification or acute hemorrhage. An alternative hypothesis for the relatively high total triiodothyronine level, the low thyroxine level, and the low free thyroxine index in conjunction with a low value for thyroid-stimulating hormone is ingestion of thyroid hormone, leading to the suppression of thyroid-stimulating hormone dependent on the secretion of thyroid hormone, but nothing in the case record suggests the surreptitious use of thyroid hormone. Rare destructive inflammatory diseases of the pituitary gland can cause hypopituitarism that is disproportionate to the degree of pituitary enlargement, as seen in this case, and would explain the pattern of hormonal loss better than a pituitary adenoma. Lymphocytic hypophysitis is probably greatly underdiagnosed because of the number of cases with spontaneous resolution, the potential confusion with Sheehan's syndrome (which is decreasing in frequency because of improved obstetrical techniques but is often diagnosed in parous women with hypopituitarism of unknown cause if they have small pituitary glands, even without a clear-cut history of postpartum shock or hemorrhage), and confusion with other cases of idiopathic hypopituitarism (particularly isolated corticotropin deficiency). The pathological findings in granulomatous hypophysitis were first described in 1911 by Gougerot and Gy (16) and in 1917 by Simmonds, (17) whose name has become the eponym for hypopituitarism on the basis of his description of hypopituitarism related to sepsis (an uncommon cause of the disorder today), as well as other causes. Preoperatively, however, without evidence of granulomatous disease elsewhere, there are no well-established methods (CT or MRI scanning or other methods) to distinguish granulomatous hypophysitis from lymphocytic hypophysitis or either disorder from pituitary adenoma.

aberrant behaviorBehavior which differs in pattern (also frequency or context) from that which is shown by most members of the species in conditions which allow a full range of behavior. Also called abnormal behavior. abnormal behaviorBehavior which differs in pattern (also frequency or context) from that which is shown by most members of the species in conditions which allow a full range of behavior. allomimetic behaviorAny behavior where animals perform the same activity with some degree of mutual stimulation and consequent coordination. anomalous behaviorBehavior which is somewhat abnormal particularly in respect of deviations from the normal pattern or frequency. ingestive behaviorBehavior concerned with the selection and intake of food and water.

ABTA SECTION 6 -- What are the different types of brain tumors? ABTA SECTION 6 -- What are the different types of brain tumors? For additional information, refer to the ABTA publications About Glioblastoma Multiforme and Malignant Astrocytoma; Radiation Therapy of Brain Tumors: Part I and Part II; Chemotherapy of Brain Tumors; Immunotherapy of Brain Tumors. Metastatic brain tumors are tumors formed by cancer cells that arise elsewhere in the body and spread to the brain. The behavior of these tumors is similar to tumors composed of the highest grade of cell found in the tumor. Embryonal tumors in the pineal region are the only brain tumors that may be diagnosed by tumor markers found in the cerebrospinal fluid.

aberrant behaviorBehavior which differs in pattern (also frequency or context) from that which is shown by most members of the species in conditions which allow a full range of behavior. Also called abnormal behavior. abnormal behaviorBehavior which differs in pattern (also frequency or context) from that which is shown by most members of the species in conditions which allow a full range of behavior. allomimetic behaviorAny behavior where animals perform the same activity with some degree of mutual stimulation and consequent coordination. anomalous behaviorBehavior which is somewhat abnormal particularly in respect of deviations from the normal pattern or frequency. ingestive behaviorBehavior concerned with the selection and intake of food and water.

Neuroendocrine system (head & neck) Neuroendocrine system (head & neck) acoustic neuroma acute disseminated encephalomyelitis acute spinal cord compression adenoma sebaceum adrenoleukodystrophy agenesis of corpus callosum Alexander disease angiofibroma aniridia anosmia Apert syndrome aqueductal stenosis arachnoiditis Arnold-Chiari malformation astrocytoma basal ganglia calcification berry aneurysm Binswanger disease brain abscess in kids brain herniation brain iron brain metastases brain tumor calcifications bulging disc caput succedaneum carotid-cavernous sinus fistula carotid-vertebral artery anastomoses cavernous sinus central pontine myelinolysis cephalohematoma cerebello-pontine angle (CPA) tumor cerebellum cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cervical disc herniation chordoma choroid plexus choroid plexus papilloma CNS lipoma Cockayne syndrome cold thyroid nodule cold thyroid nodule congenital sinus tumor corticotrophic adenoma craniopharyngioma Cushing disease cystic sellar mass Dandy-Walker syndrome demyelinating disease dermoid / epidermoid tumor developmental brain tumors diastematomyelia diplomyelia disc sequestration discordant thyroid nodule disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome dysmyelinating disease ectopic thyroid empty sella syndrome encephalocele enhancing brain nodules enlarged pituitary infundibulum ependymoma epidural hematoma extra-ocular muscle disease extradural mass featureless thecal sac foramen ovale foramen spinosum fourth ventricle mass giant cell astrocytoma glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) glioma globoid cell (Krabbe) leukodystrophy globus pallidus necrosis glomus jugulare glomus tympanicum gyral brain calcification Hallervorden-Spatz disease hemangioblastoma hemorrhagic brain metastases herniation of nucleus pulposus (HNP) heterotopic gray matter hot thyroid nodule Huntington disease (chorea-athetosis) hydranencephaly hydrocephalus hypothalamic histiocytoma icecream cone infantile brain tumors infantile hydrocephalus internal auditory canal intra- vs. extra-axial brain mass intra-ocular calcification intra-ventricular hemorrhage intracranial mycotic aneurysm intradural-extramedullary mass intramedullary mass intraspinal drop metastases J-shaped sella lacrimal gland enlargement leptomeningeal cyst leukodystrophy Marchiafava-Bignami disease medulloblastoma Meniere's triad meningioma metachromatic leukodystrophy middle ear mass midline closure defects moyamoya disease multinodular goiter myelography normal pressure hydrocephalus oligodendroglioma optic nerve glioma optic nerve meningioma orbital pseudotumor para-sellar mass paraganglioma (glomus tumor) Parinaud syndrome parkinsonism Pelizaeus-Merzbacher syndrome phakomatoses physiological intracranial calcification pineal gland calcification pineal tumors pituitary adenoma posterior fossa tumors progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndome) prolactinoma pseudotumor cerebri retinoblastoma ring lesions in brain Schilder syndrome schizencephaly septo-optic dysplasia somatotrophic adenoma spongy degeneration (Canavan disease) stroke Sturge-Weber-Dimitri syndrome subarachnoid hemorrhage subdural hematoma subgaleal hematoma supratentorial gliomas syndromes of paranasal sinuses syringomyelia / hydromyelia thyroid calcifications thyroid carcinoma thyroid carcinoma risk factors thyroid imaging trumpet sign vein of Galen aneurysm vidian artery von Hippel-Lindau syndrome white-matter disease Neuroendocrine system (head & neck) |

The journal is a forum for the original scientific results of basic, applied, and clinical research involving any aspect of the pineal gland or its hormonal products in all vertebrate species. Essential criteria for publication are soundness, novelty, and timeliness, as well as clarity of presentation. Experimental data that are contrary to currently accepted thinking or divergent from actual dogma will be considered, provided the findings are based on solid, new experimental observations. Case reports will be considered if the findings contribute significantly to an understanding of some aspect of the pineal gland. It is the expressed aim of the journal to serve pineal researchers in all disciplines.

Neuroendocrine system (head & neck) Neuroendocrine system (head & neck) acoustic neuroma acute disseminated encephalomyelitis acute spinal cord compression adenoma sebaceum adrenoleukodystrophy agenesis of corpus callosum Alexander disease angiofibroma aniridia anosmia Apert syndrome aqueductal stenosis arachnoiditis Arnold-Chiari malformation astrocytoma basal ganglia calcification berry aneurysm Binswanger disease brain abscess in kids brain herniation brain iron brain metastases brain tumor calcifications bulging disc caput succedaneum carotid-cavernous sinus fistula carotid-vertebral artery anastomoses cavernous sinus central pontine myelinolysis cephalohematoma cerebello-pontine angle (CPA) tumor cerebellum cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cervical disc herniation chordoma choroid plexus choroid plexus papilloma CNS lipoma Cockayne syndrome cold thyroid nodule cold thyroid nodule congenital sinus tumor corticotrophic adenoma craniopharyngioma Cushing disease cystic sellar mass Dandy-Walker syndrome demyelinating disease dermoid / epidermoid tumor developmental brain tumors diastematomyelia diplomyelia disc sequestration discordant thyroid nodule disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome dysmyelinating disease ectopic thyroid empty sella syndrome encephalocele enhancing brain nodules enlarged pituitary infundibulum ependymoma epidural hematoma extra-ocular muscle disease extradural mass featureless thecal sac foramen ovale foramen spinosum fourth ventricle mass giant cell astrocytoma glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) glioma globoid cell (Krabbe) leukodystrophy globus pallidus necrosis glomus jugulare glomus tympanicum gyral brain calcification Hallervorden-Spatz disease hemangioblastoma hemorrhagic brain metastases herniation of nucleus pulposus (HNP) heterotopic gray matter hot thyroid nodule Huntington disease (chorea-athetosis) hydranencephaly hydrocephalus hypothalamic histiocytoma icecream cone infantile brain tumors infantile hydrocephalus internal auditory canal intra- vs. extra-axial brain mass intra-ocular calcification intra-ventricular hemorrhage intracranial mycotic aneurysm intradural-extramedullary mass intramedullary mass intraspinal drop metastases J-shaped sella lacrimal gland enlargement leptomeningeal cyst leukodystrophy Marchiafava-Bignami disease medulloblastoma Meniere's triad meningioma metachromatic leukodystrophy middle ear mass midline closure defects moyamoya disease multinodular goiter myelography normal pressure hydrocephalus oligodendroglioma optic nerve glioma optic nerve meningioma orbital pseudotumor para-sellar mass paraganglioma (glomus tumor) Parinaud syndrome parkinsonism Pelizaeus-Merzbacher syndrome phakomatoses physiological intracranial calcification pineal gland calcification pineal tumors pituitary adenoma posterior fossa tumors progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndome) prolactinoma pseudotumor cerebri retinoblastoma ring lesions in brain Schilder syndrome schizencephaly septo-optic dysplasia somatotrophic adenoma spongy degeneration (Canavan disease) stroke Sturge-Weber-Dimitri syndrome subarachnoid hemorrhage subdural hematoma subgaleal hematoma supratentorial gliomas syndromes of paranasal sinuses syringomyelia / hydromyelia thyroid calcifications thyroid carcinoma thyroid carcinoma risk factors thyroid imaging trumpet sign vein of Galen aneurysm vidian artery von Hippel-Lindau syndrome white-matter disease Neuroendocrine system (head & neck) |

Neuroendocrine system (head & neck) Neuroendocrine system (head & neck) acoustic neuroma acute disseminated encephalomyelitis acute spinal cord compression adenoma sebaceum adrenoleukodystrophy agenesis of corpus callosum Alexander disease angiofibroma aniridia anosmia Apert syndrome aqueductal stenosis arachnoiditis Arnold-Chiari malformation astrocytoma basal ganglia calcification berry aneurysm Binswanger disease brain abscess in kids brain herniation brain iron brain metastases brain tumor calcifications bulging disc caput succedaneum carotid-cavernous sinus fistula carotid-vertebral artery anastomoses cavernous sinus central pontine myelinolysis cephalohematoma cerebello-pontine angle (CPA) tumor cerebellum cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cervical disc herniation chordoma choroid plexus choroid plexus papilloma CNS lipoma Cockayne syndrome cold thyroid nodule cold thyroid nodule congenital sinus tumor corticotrophic adenoma craniopharyngioma Cushing disease cystic sellar mass Dandy-Walker syndrome demyelinating disease dermoid / epidermoid tumor developmental brain tumors diastematomyelia diplomyelia disc sequestration discordant thyroid nodule disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome dysmyelinating disease ectopic thyroid empty sella syndrome encephalocele enhancing brain nodules enlarged pituitary infundibulum ependymoma epidural hematoma extra-ocular muscle disease extradural mass featureless thecal sac foramen ovale foramen spinosum fourth ventricle mass giant cell astrocytoma glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) glioma globoid cell (Krabbe) leukodystrophy globus pallidus necrosis glomus jugulare glomus tympanicum gyral brain calcification Hallervorden-Spatz disease hemangioblastoma hemorrhagic brain metastases herniation of nucleus pulposus (HNP) heterotopic gray matter hot thyroid nodule Huntington disease (chorea-athetosis) hydranencephaly hydrocephalus hypothalamic histiocytoma icecream cone infantile brain tumors infantile hydrocephalus internal auditory canal intra- vs. extra-axial brain mass intra-ocular calcification intra-ventricular hemorrhage intracranial mycotic aneurysm intradural-extramedullary mass intramedullary mass intraspinal drop metastases J-shaped sella lacrimal gland enlargement leptomeningeal cyst leukodystrophy Marchiafava-Bignami disease medulloblastoma Meniere's triad meningioma metachromatic leukodystrophy middle ear mass midline closure defects moyamoya disease multinodular goiter myelography normal pressure hydrocephalus oligodendroglioma optic nerve glioma optic nerve meningioma orbital pseudotumor para-sellar mass paraganglioma (glomus tumor) Parinaud syndrome parkinsonism Pelizaeus-Merzbacher syndrome phakomatoses physiological intracranial calcification pineal gland calcification pineal tumors pituitary adenoma posterior fossa tumors progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndome) prolactinoma pseudotumor cerebri retinoblastoma ring lesions in brain Schilder syndrome schizencephaly septo-optic dysplasia somatotrophic adenoma spongy degeneration (Canavan disease) stroke Sturge-Weber-Dimitri syndrome subarachnoid hemorrhage subdural hematoma subgaleal hematoma supratentorial gliomas syndromes of paranasal sinuses syringomyelia / hydromyelia thyroid calcifications thyroid carcinoma thyroid carcinoma risk factors thyroid imaging trumpet sign vein of Galen aneurysm vidian artery von Hippel-Lindau syndrome white-matter disease Neuroendocrine system (head & neck) |

accessible - tumors which can be approached by a surgical procedure, not deep in the brain or beneath vital structures. cerebrospinal fluid - the clear fluid made in the ventricular cavities of the brain that bathes the brain and spinal cord. mass effect - damage to the brain due to the bulk effect of a tumor, the blockage of fluid, or excess accumulation of fluid within the skull. nervous system - the entire integrated system of nerve tissue in the body: the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. primary brain tumor - original source of tumor which is the brain rather than other areas of the body. tumor marker - substances found in blood or other fluids that identify the presence of a tumor, and/or the tumor type.

brain contusion - A bruise of brain tissue in which there is capillary bleeding. brain death - A state of irreversible coma in which cerebral and brain stem functions are absent. brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM) - A computerized interpretation of brain currents incorporating (usually) sound and visual evoked potentials to produce a colored map of brain electrical functioning. brain infection - An invasion of brain tissues by pathogenic organisms in such a way that injury of brain tissue follows with symptoms of illness. cavitation - A physio-chemical process resulting in the production of microscopic explosions of gas within the brain following rapid acceleration of the brain inside the skull. cerebral blood flow - The rate of blood flow through the brain, which may be measured by various techniques and determined for various regions of the brain.

Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery Warning: This presentation contains intraoperative photographs in graphic detail! Patient is a 39 year old female who presents with a 2 year history of progressively worsening diplopia. Because of the symptomatic nature of the cyst, the patient underwent stereotactic aspiration of the cyst with resolution of her symptoms. In addition, the patient exhibited some rotary nystagmus on lateral gaze. Because of the patients progressive intolerance of symptoms, it was decided for the patient to undergo a suboccipital craniectomy in the sitting position with a infratentorial supracerebellar approach for resection of the cyst. A plane was developed laterally around the cyst capsule on both sides up to the lateral walls of the third ventricle (Fig.

window.defaultStatus="PEDIATRIC VERSION; CHAPTER 4: FACTS ABOUT BRAIN TUMORS" var myImages = null var myBase = "http://www.btfc.org/common/English_" function popupImage() { var i=0 } function upfront(myURL) { myImages = window.open(myBase+myURL+". Secondary brain tumors (metastatic brain tumors) tart in some other body organ such as the lung, breast, kidney or skin and then pread to the brain. A number of different brain tumor classification systems have been proposed and continue to be used to group brain tumors into subtypes which help predict specific tumor growth characteristics. There are four categories of pineal region tumors: Germ cell tumors: fast growing: choriocarcinomaembryonal carcinomaendodermal sinus tumor not as fast growing:germinomas [ The first two are unique in that they are the only brain tumors that can be diagnosed by a blood test or lumbar puncture. These tumors account for one to three percent (1%-3%) of pediatric brain tumors and are most common in children under the age of 2 years. These tumors are separated into 2 categories as follows: Papillomas: slow growing (vast majority) Carcinomas: fast growing (rare) Treatment for these tumors involves complete surgical resection (removal) for papillomas, whereas carcinomas require surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.

The Medical Connection - We Have It All - If It's Medical - It's Here! All Inclusive Medical Site - Find everything from medical professionals, hospitals, insurance, to supplies, links to: research sites, regulatory agencies, associations, and universities / colleges. Are you: Looking for a doctor Wanting to find information on a specific disease Looking for a job in the medical industry Trying to find a hospital Healthcare Professionals In Your Area (Find a Doctor, Dentist, or other Health Care Professional) Medical Professionals That Meet Your Needs (Find a Medical Professional that meet your needs) Hospitals In Your Area (Locate Hospitals, Clinics, Out-Patient Facilities in your area) Insurance Agencies (Are you trying to find an Insurance Agency that specializes in the Medical Industry? ) Insurance Companies (Trying to find an Insurance Company on the Web? We have everything from Billing Services, Medical Software, Employment, Office Assistance, to Databases. ) Our Site Protests against the enactment of the "Communications Decency Act." To find our more information regarding the Blue Ribbon Campaign, contact EFF Blue Ribbon Campaign or Epic.

The Medical Connection - We Have It All - If It's Medical - It's Here! All Inclusive Medical Site - Find everything from medical professionals, hospitals, insurance, to supplies, links to: research sites, regulatory agencies, associations, and universities / colleges. Are you: Looking for a doctor Wanting to find information on a specific disease Looking for a job in the medical industry Trying to find a hospital Healthcare Professionals In Your Area (Find a Doctor, Dentist, or other Health Care Professional) Medical Professionals That Meet Your Needs (Find a Medical Professional that meet your needs) Hospitals In Your Area (Locate Hospitals, Clinics, Out-Patient Facilities in your area) Insurance Agencies (Are you trying to find an Insurance Agency that specializes in the Medical Industry? ) Insurance Companies (Trying to find an Insurance Company on the Web? We have everything from Billing Services, Medical Software, Employment, Office Assistance, to Databases. ) Our Site Protests against the enactment of the "Communications Decency Act." To find our more information regarding the Blue Ribbon Campaign, contact EFF Blue Ribbon Campaign or Epic.

The Medical Connection - We Have It All - If It's Medical - It's Here! All Inclusive Medical Site - Find everything from medical professionals, hospitals, insurance, to supplies, links to: research sites, regulatory agencies, associations, and universities / colleges. Are you: Looking for a doctor Wanting to find information on a specific disease Looking for a job in the medical industry Trying to find a hospital Healthcare Professionals In Your Area (Find a Doctor, Dentist, or other Health Care Professional) Medical Professionals That Meet Your Needs (Find a Medical Professional that meet your needs) Hospitals In Your Area (Locate Hospitals, Clinics, Out-Patient Facilities in your area) Insurance Agencies (Are you trying to find an Insurance Agency that specializes in the Medical Industry? ) Insurance Companies (Trying to find an Insurance Company on the Web? We have everything from Billing Services, Medical Software, Employment, Office Assistance, to Databases. ) Our Site Protests against the enactment of the "Communications Decency Act." To find our more information regarding the Blue Ribbon Campaign, contact EFF Blue Ribbon Campaign or Epic.

(0050) Staphylococcal (0051) Botulism (0052) Due to other clostridia (0058) Other specified bacterial food poisoning (0059) Food poisoning, unspecified (008) Enteritis due to other specified organism (0080) Escherichia coli (0081) Arizona (0082) Other specified bacteria (0083) Bacterial enteritis, unspecified (0088) Enteritis due to specified virus (0089) Other organism, not elsewhere classified (0190) Respiratory tuberculosis (0191) Of central nervous system (0192) Of genitourinary system (0193) Of vertabral column (0194) Of hip (0195) Of knee (0196) Of other bones and joints (0199) Of other specified organs (0530) Of eye (0531) Of other parts of face (0532) Of trunk (0539) Of other and unspecified sites (1020) Initial lesions (1021) Multiple papillomata and "wet crab" yaws (1022) Other early skin lesions (1023) Hyperkeratosis (1024) Gummata, ulcers (1025) Gangosa (1026) Bone and joint lesions (1027) Other manifestations (1028) Latent yaws (1029) Yaws, unspecified

Sleep talking in REM sleep coul 0242 (Tr) and Temazepam ( Te) for delta (0.3Ð3 Hz), 0123 n sleep assessed by Technetium-99m Ethyl Cyst 0015 and single-platform techniques induce REM sle 0455 d multiple platform techniques. Sleep proble 0213 n from tropical and temperate climates and in 0233 tion decreases core temperature and alertness 0165 Effects of ambient temperature and arousal s 0183 on: effects on core temperature and sleep ons 0173 ircadian rhythms of temperature and sleep. Me 0550 an phases of rectal temperature and slow wave 0551 rectal and tympanic temperature by changing o 0086 changing of ambient temperature during night 0086 ncreasing core body temperature during the no 0246 . 24-hour core body temperature in good and p 0523 REM sleep and brain temperature in hibernatin 0096 akefulness and body temperature in normal and 0055 -wake cycle. Body temperature measurements 0553 ns D2 and E2 and of temperature on preoptic a 0045 e effect of ambient temperature on sleep in t 0188 stribution and body temperature rhythm. Temperature sensitivity o 0201 rences in sleep and temperature variables bet 0450 consolidation, body temperature, slow-wave an 0162 hermosensitivity in temperature-sensitive neu 0028 ges in hypothalamic temperature.

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ConjunctivaNevus, blue (case 1) Nevus, blue (case 2) Brownstein, Seymour Pineal glandPinealoblastoma (retinoblastoma) RetinaRetinoblastoma, trilateral Charles, Norman C. EyeMalformation, choristomatous Clarkson, John G. Retina, maculaDegeneration Cogan, David G. Canthus, innerEctomesenchymoma Curtin, Victor T. OrbitRhabdomyosarcoma ? IrisCyst, congenital stromal Ferry, Andrew P. RetinaLymphoma, large cell Font, Ramon L. OrbitAngiosarcoma Frayer, William C. OrbitNeurofibromatosis Friedman, Alan H. EyeLymphoma, histiocytic RetinaHerpes simplex Retinitis, Herpes simplex Gass, J. Donald M. RetinaTelangiectasis Green, W. Richard OrbitDirofilariasis Henkind, Paul EyelidCarcinoma, basal cell Howard, George M. Optic nerveAstrocytoma Hunter, William S. RetinaPhakoma Jakobiec, Frederick A. UveaSympathetic ophthalmitis Karpik, Alice G. EyeSystemic lupus erythematosus Khalil, Mourad K. ChoroidMelanoma, balloon cell malignant Kincaid, Marilyn C. EyeMucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB Klintworth, Gordon K. RetinaOphthalmomyiasis, internal VitreousCuterebra Ophthalmomyiasis, internal Kurz, George H. CorneaScar Lee, Charles J. Jr. ConjunctivaCarcinoma, squamous (case 2) OrbitNeuroblastoma (case 1) Neuroblastoma (case 2) Marquardt, Merlin D. Optic nerveAstrocytoma McGavic, John S. ConjunctivaGranulomatous, focal zonal McLean, Ian W. EyelidAdenocarcinoma, sebaceous Morris, Donald A. EyeCockayne's disease Nicholson, Don H. Anterior chamberHyphema, recurrent Ring, Henry G. ChoroidHemangioma Sassani, Joseph W. EyeAlexander's disease Shields, Jerry A. Ciliary epitheliumMedulloepithelioma Smith, Richard S. Lacrimal sacDacryops Smith, Taylor R. ChoroidMelanoma Steinmetz, Charles G. III ConjunctivaNevus of Ota EyelidNevus of Ota Nevus, blue PalateNevus, blue Streeten, Barbara A. W. OrbitGranulocytic sarcoma (case 1) Tumor, undiagnosed (case 2) Torczynski, Elise EyelidAdenocarcinoma, metastatic Tso, Mark O. M. Anterior chamberHyphema, recurrent Yanoff, Myron EyeChrosome, trisomy 13 Synophthalmia Please send suggestions and comments to: Gordon K. Klintworth, M.D., Ph.D.

Last modified on: Wednesday, July 31, 1996 16:08:18 The pineal gland was a mystery up until the 1960s. Because it is an end organ of the visual system, the pineal was often referred to as the "third eye. " It is a small, "pine-cone"-shaped organ closely related to and an integral part of the optic pathway of the nervous system. It is thought of as a signaling device between the nervous system and other organs via release of hormones into the blood stream. One of the main functions of the pineal gland is to secrete melatonin, although this hormone is also secreted at other sites in the body. The pineal gland is present in almost all animals although it has not yet been found in crocodiles, anteaters, sloths, armadillos, some marsupials, and some bats.

Bahn, Gustav 1963Iris pigment epitheliumCyst 1964EyeSturge-Weber syndrome 1965CorneaKeratitis, fungal CorneaMelanoma, metastatic IrisIritis 1966IrisIritis, unusual Bardenstein, David 1992OrbitChondrosarcoma Sinus, maxillaryChondrosarcoma 1993Lacrimal glandAdenoma with infarction Lacrimal glandPleomorphic adenoma 1994EyelidNevus, epidermal EyelidNevus, systematized epidermal 1995ConjunctivaNevus 1996OrbitUnknown Barker-Griffith, Ann 1995Ciliary bodyCyclitis, chronic Ciliary bodyCyclitis, granulomatous Ciliary bodySiderosis EyeWound LensCataract, subcapsular ScleraScleritis, chronic ScleraScleritis, granulomatous 1996EyeCalcification EyePanophthalmitis EyePotato gun injury EyeRupture OrbitPotato gun injury Bellhorn, Roy 1968Ciliary bodyAdenoma Bernardino, Vitaliano B. Jr. 1993UveaLymphoma, B-cell 1994BrainLymphoma, B-cell RetinaLymphoma, B-cell 1995ChoroidMelanoma, primary SkinMelanoma, primary Please send suggestions and comments to: Gordon K. Klintworth, M.D., Ph.D.

PHYSICAL EXAM: Pulse, Blood Pressure, Respirations, Pulsus Paradoxus, Auscultatory Gap, Taylor Hammer, Percussion, Bucks Hammer, Pronator Drift, Tongue Depressors, Romberg, Electronic Thermometers, Tympanic Thermometry, Auscultatory percussion, Taking an emergency history (use of open ended questions), Taking a comprehensive history, 12 Cranial Nerves, Otoscopy, Ophthalmoscopy, Deep Tendon Reflexes, Primitive reflexes, Orthostatics, Fluid Wave, Psoas Test, Babinski, Brudzinski, Kernigs, Photophobia, Nuchal Rigidity, Bruit, Thrill, Tactile Fremitus, Waterhammer Pulse, Pulsus Alternans, Chvosteks, Trousseaus, The 6 P's of Arterial Obstruction. EKG RHYTHMS: Sinus Rhythm, Sinus Bradycardia, Sinus Tachycardia, Respiratory Arrhythmia, Sinus Arrhythmia, High-Mid-Low Junctional rhythms, AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia, Atrial-Junctional-Ventricular Premature and Postmature Beats, Nonconducted PAC's, Sinus Exit Block, Sinus Arrest, Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia, Wandering Atrial Pacemaker, Junctional Rhythms, Ventricular Tachycardia, Idioventricular escape, Ventricular Flutter, Ventricular Fibrillation, Ventricular Standstill, Asystole, Torsade De Points, Atrioventricular Heart Blocks 1-2-3 Degree, Right and Left Bundle Branch Blocks, Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter, Ashmans Phenomenon, Capture and Fusion Beats, Interpolated beats, Pairs, Salvos, Runs, R on T, Sick Sinus Syndrome, Pacemakers-AAI-VOO-VVI-VAT-DDD, Loss of Capture, Loss of Sense, Run away Pacemaker, Twiddlers syndrome, P-MELT. EYES: Anatomy and Terms-upper and lower Eyelid, medial and lateral Canthus, Pupil, Limbus, Iris, Choroid, Lens, Sclera, Conjunctiva, Cornea, Lacrimal Gland, Punctum, Lacrimal Sac, Nasolacrimal Duct, Optic Disc, Physiologic Cup, Macula, Fovea Centralis, Optic Nerve, Central Artery and Vein, Physiologic Cup, Retina, Anterior and Posterior Chamber, Canal of Schlemm, Ciliary Body, Aqueous humor, Vitreous humor, Optic Chiasm, Optic Tract. NECK: Anatomy- Sternocleidomastoid muscle, Manubrium, Clavicle, Trapezius muscle, Hyoid bone, Sternal notch, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Thyroid gland lobe and isthmus, Trachea, External Jugular vein, Carotid Sinus, Carotid artery, Internal jugular vein, Exam-Palpation, Bruits, Lymph Nodes, Brudzinski reflex, Nuchal pain or Rigidity, Torticollis, Jugular Venous Distention, Cannon A waves. PHARMACOLOGY: Placebo, Circadian Rhythm, Extrapyramidal Reaction, Action, Mechanism of Action, Na+ K ATPase Pump, Tachyphylaxis, Potentiation, Synergism, Agonist, Antagonism, Pharmacokinetics, Biotransformation, Therapeutic index, Bioavailability, First pass effect, Half life, Teratogen, LD50, Protein binding, Toxic, Subtherapeutic, Adverse effect, Side effect, Blood Brain Barrier, Vagolytic, Sympathomimetic, Alpha, Beta, Dopaminergic, Reuptake, Active transport, Osmosis, Concentration gradient, Na+ K+ ATPase pump, Ca++ cotransport, Ca++ slow channel, Na+ fast channel, Polar drugs, Nonpolar, Monovalent, Bivalent, Phospholipid bilayer, Phosphate heads, Fatty acid tails, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic, Amino Acids, Proteins, Enzymes, Receptor sites, Agonist, Antagonist, Denature, Somatic, Presynaptic, Postsynaptic, Monoamine Oxidase, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor, Catechol-o- methyltransferase, Vesicle, Tyrosine, Tyramine, Typtophan,Sumatriptan, Resting membrane potential, Action potential, Threshold potential, Rapid Sequence Induction (RSI). ADDITIONAL PROCEDURES: EOA and EGTA Airway, PTL Airway, Combitube airway, External Cardiac Pacing, Intraosseous infusion, External Jugular Vein cannulation, Needle and Open Cricothyrodectomy, Nu-trake, Melkel Seldinger Technique, Thoracic Decompression (Thoracentesis), Digital and lighted stylet endotracheal intubation, BG Chemstrip, Pulse Oxymetry, Performing a 12 Lead EKG, End Tidal CO2 Detector, Automatic External Defibrillator, ET administration of Medications, Operation of a Lifepak 5 & 10, Relocating a nontraumatic jaw and shoulder dislocation, Opening a wired jaw, Vacutainer Blood Drawing, Heplock IV's, Autovent 2000, Taking a Dying declaration, Baptizing the newborn, Procedures for ICD patients, Pacemaker Magnet application.

1997/1400 pp/0-683-00249-x/$250.00 This book is the ultimate reference for operative corridors for deep and central cerebral surgery. It includes detailed coverage of all pertinent anatomy, physiology, pathology, imaging methods, disclosures, with complete and exhaustive treatment of all pathologies with microsurgical, stereotactic, endovascular, endoscopic, radiosurgical, and cranial base exposure methods. There is also a comprehensive treatment of strategies and decision making in management dilemmas. How Many: Choose the appropriate price:

Includes bibliographical references and index. Progress in psychiatry series #24 Affective disorders, Physiological aspects Go back to . If you have comments or questions about this WWW site, please send them to WWW team e-mail: WWW team

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Last modified on: Wednesday, July 31, 1996 16:11:58 Since most of the information available on the human pineal gland is pathological in nature, its function is frequently defined by changes in the pineal related to disease or environmental stress. The list of diseases which have been found to be related to changes in the pineal gland is long including cancer, epilepsy, hypertension, neurologic disorders, Paget's disease, psychiatric disorders, and sexual dysfunction. As people get older, their pineal melatonin output at night decreases and this normal decline has been proposed as an essential trigger of the aging process. Environmental stresses which influence pineal function include changes in light and dark, irradiation, magnetism, noise, vibration, nutrition, smells, stress, temperature, and high altitudes. Disturbances of these processes affect alertness, temperature, hormone levels, and other physiological factors.

Pineal is an SGI Personal Iris 4D in the Math department of Florida Atlantic University It is administrated by Mark Grosberg and Sean Conner. Here are the users of Pineal with home pages (other than Mark and Sean):

The term brain tumor is a generic one, describing a wide variety of entities. Brain tumors may be classified in several different ways. Another approach is by the location of the tumor. Most classification schemes are variants of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, which may be summarized as follows: I. Tumors arising from brain tissue A. Astrocytoma 1. Anaplastic (malignant) choroid plexus papilloma The above tumor types (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma) are referred to as gliomas. Germ cell tumors (embryologically derived cell types) A. Germinoma B. Others: embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, teratoma V. Other malformative tumors and tumor-like lesions A. Craniopharyngioma B. Rathke's cleft cyst C. Epidermoid and Dermoid cyst D. Colloid cyst of the third ventricle E. Lipoma F. Hamartoma VI.

window.defaultStatus="ADULT VERSION; CHAPTER 4: FACTS ABOUT BRAIN TUMORS" var myImages = null var myBase = "http://www.btfc.org/common/English_" function popupImage() { var i=0 } function upfront(myURL) { myImages = window.open(myBase+myURL+". Secondary brain tumors (metastatic brain tumors) start in some other body organ such as the lung, breast, kidney or skin and then spread to the brain.   A number of different brain tumor classification systems have been proposed and continue to be used to group brain tumors into subtypes which help predict specific tumor growth characteristics.   These tumors may also arise from ependymal cells and appear to be tumors that begin before the cells have reached a more mature or functional stage of development.   These tumors are separated into 2 categories as follows: Papillomas: slow growing (vast majority) Carcinomas: fast growing (rare)   Treatment for these tumors involves complete surgical resection (removal) for papillomas, whereas carcinomas require surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.   cerebral neuroblastoma (located in hemispheres) ependymoblastoma (arises from ventricles) pineoblastoma (occurs in area of pineal gland)   The cells of these tumors are generally not alike and they are fast growing.

Wallerian Degeneration Glioblastoma Multiforme Optic Neuritis Choroid Plexus Cysts HIV Encephalitis Acoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma) Meningioma Subdural Hematoma Heterotopic grey matter and abnormal sulcation Septooptic Dysplasia (de Morsier syndrome) Colloid Cyst, Third Ventricle Marchiafava-Bignami Disease Curvilinear Lipoma Pituitary Microadenoma Pantopaque Contrast in Sulcus Pituitary Macroadenoma Pineal Gland Cyst Tuberculous Meningitis Acute/subacute Intracerebral Hematoma Last modified March 31, 1997 URL: http://www.xray.ufl.edu/~rball/teach/brdiag.html

ED'S PATHOLOGY MELTDOWN Part I -- General Pathology [These notes are intended for students who have already learned the material in a course in general and systemic pathology and who are now preparing for an exam. The causes of hypoxia: Ischemia ("ischemic hypoxia"; "stagnant hypoxia"): Loss of arterial blood flow (literally, "holding back the blood") Local causes -- Occlusion of the arteries that bring in fresh blood -- Occlusion of the veins which allow blood to leave, so that fresh blood can flow in -- Shunting of arterial blood elsewhere ("steal syndromes"; "Robin Hood" syndromes) Systemic causes -- Failure of the heart to pump enough blood Hypoxemia: Too little oxygen in the blood Oxygen problems ("hypoxic hypoxia") -- Too little oxygen in the air -- Failure to properly ventilate the lungs -- Failure of the lungs to properly oxygenate the blood -- Failure of the heart to pump enough blood through the lungs -- Tremendously increased dead space (i.e., pulmonary thromboembolus) Hemoglobin problems ("anemic hypoxia") -- Inadequate circulating red cell mass ("anemia") -- Inability of hemoglobin to carry the oxygen (carbon monoxide poisoning, methemoglobinemia) -- "High affinity" hemoglobins that will not give up their oxygen to the tissues Failure of the cytochromes ("histotoxic hypoxia") Cyanide poisoning Rotenone poisoning Dinitrophenol poisoning Other curious poisons I wish I had time to review blood gases here. Embryogenesis, skin-cell and gut-epithelium shedding, a woman's monthly cycle, elimination of autoreactive or no-longer-useful immune cells, all forms of atrophy, suicide on a T-cell's instructions (hepatitis, graft-vs.-host, many others), suicide of a cell with an injured genome (p53-mediated), hypoxia or cell injury insufficient to produce frank necrosis of a large group of cells. The genes that mutate are the proto-oncogenes (mutated="activated" into oncogenes, one copy being sufficient to turn a cell bad), and the antioncogenes = "tumor suppressor genes", both copies of which must be destroyed="inactivated" to turn a cell bad. Metastatic calcification results from disease remote from the site of calcification that has caused elevated blood calcium or phosphate; calcium deposits in the lung alveoli, on the far-side of gastric parietal cell, around the renal tubules, and perhaps in the elastica of blood vessels. Mitochondrial abnormalities: All very swollen: Reye's Parking-lot crystals Mitochondrial myopathy (AZT, genetic) Too many Hurthle cell (oncocyte) Giant alcoholic's liver Hereditary cytoskeleton problems: Spherocytosis fragile red blood cells; lack spectrin, ankyrin, or protein 4.1 Chediak-Higashi phagocytes show poor chemotaxis, giant lysosomes Storage diseases which will produce huge cells.

Last modified on: Wednesday, July 31, 1996 16:30:08 The following lines of evidence suggest that the pineal gland may be the organ through which we detect magnetic fields: the orientation of individual birds can be altered by changes in the direction of the magnetic fields around their heads, indicating that is where the magnetoreceptor must be located, the pineal is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms and is thus essential for migratory restlessness, circadian rhythms can be inhibited from shifting by alteration of the earth's magnetic field and can be influenced by artificial magnetic fields, the pineal gland is strongly dependent on its links to the part of the nervous system which controls unconscious actions like heart beat and, as a whole, this system is sensitive to magnetic stimuli, the pineal is a light-sensitive, time-keeping organ and could form part of a combined compass- solar-clock system, which has been postulated for maintaining orientation in birds.

Slide 44 - Whole - Pineal gland The pineal gland is the middle section here. The cerebrum is to the left and there are meninges to the right of it. Note the grains of "brain sand" at the right end of the gland. Slide 44 - 400x - Pineal gland There are many nuclei of pinealocytes here. Smaller nuclei are glial cell nuclei. Slide 44 - 400x - Pineal gland There are two pieces of "brain sand" visible here.

Below are a listing of all the exam questions for the FRACS part 2 exam in neurosurgery betweeen 1985-1997. Discuss the symptomatology of parietal lobe lesions and your approach to the management of gliomas of this region. Forty eight hours later he is transferred to a neurosurgical unit because he has become stuporous, febrile and has had a generalised seizure. Describe the investigations required to confirm the diagnosis and discuss the management of these conditions. Write an account of the aetiology of brain abscess, and discuss the clinical presentation, principles of management and complications of this condition. Discuss hypersecretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland including pathology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.

Metastatic brain tumors are tumors formed by cancer cells that start elsewhere in the body and spread to the brain. You can jump to a discussion of a particular part by clicking on the links (usually-blue or purple depending on your web-browser) Brain Stem Cerebellum Cerebrum Cranial Nerves Hypothalamus Limbic System Medical terms used to describe location Medulla Oblongata Meninges Midbrain Pineal Body Pituitary Gland Pons Posterior Fossa Reticular Formation Sellar Region Supratentorial Thalamus Ventricles and Choroid Plexus Words in this section that appear in BOLD FACE PRINT refer to brain structures or areas. These statistics are based on the 1989 United States population of 249,000,000 people, and an incidence rate of 8.2 per 100,000 for primary brain tumors, and an incidence rate of 8.3 per 100,000 for metastatic brain tumors. Brain Stem Tumors (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata) Tumors of the brain stem can produce a variety of symptoms. Meningeal Brain Tumors These tumors cause symptoms usually because of pressure and compression rather than by growth into brain tissue. ) Metastatic Brain Tumors Symptoms depend on the location of the tumor or tumors in the brain.

Metastatic brain tumors are tumors formed by cancer cells that start elsewhere in the body and spread to the brain. You can jump to a discussion of a particular part by clicking on the links (usually-blue or purple depending on your web-browser) Brain Stem Cerebellum Cerebrum Cranial Nerves Hypothalamus Limbic System Medical terms used to describe location Medulla Oblongata Meninges Midbrain Pineal Body Pituitary Gland Pons Posterior Fossa Reticular Formation Sellar Region Supratentorial Thalamus Ventricles and Choroid Plexus Words in this section that appear in BOLD FACE PRINT refer to brain structures or areas. These statistics are based on the 1989 United States population of 249,000,000 people, and an incidence rate of 8.2 per 100,000 for primary brain tumors, and an incidence rate of 8.3 per 100,000 for metastatic brain tumors. Brain Stem Tumors (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata) Tumors of the brain stem can produce a variety of symptoms. Meningeal Brain Tumors These tumors cause symptoms usually because of pressure and compression rather than by growth into brain tissue. ) Metastatic Brain Tumors Symptoms depend on the location of the tumor or tumors in the brain.

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30 y/o man presenting with headaches. T1-weighted Sagittal image Proton Density Axial image T2-weighted Axial image T1-weighted axial image A 1-1/2 cm diameter cystic mass is seen in the region of the pineal gland, appearing dark on T1-weighted images and bright on T2-weighted images. Pineal gland cysts are found in up to 5% of MRI scans. They may occasionally be difficult to distinguish from cystic neoplasms. Last modified March 26, 1997

Additionally, the CPT evaluation is utilized for pre and post-op screening of peri-operative peripheral nerve injuries, such as ulnar neuropathy resulting from cubital tunnel compression while under anesthesia. to the top / to the bottom / back to home page to the top / to the bottom / back to home page to the top / to the bottom / back to home page to the top / to the bottom / back to home page CPT evaluations of median digital nerve integrity, in otherwise healthy individuals, detects and documents hyperesthesia associated with the earliest stages of CTS, as well as the hypoesthesia found in advanced CTS. Abnormal median digital nerve CPT measures, with normal palmar median nerve branch and ulnar nerve digital branch CPT's within a hand, will confirm the diagnosis of CTS. If CTS is detected by CPT evaluation in its earliest stages, it may often be cured by conservative therapy, precluding surgical intervention required to treat advanced CTS. The CPT evaluation enables earlier detection of CTS sensory impairments than the sensory NCV.

Your Pineal Gland and You The pineal gland is a small, greyish, cone-shaped, glandular outgrowth in the brain of all vertebrates that produces the hormone melatonin. Also implicated in Divine Intervention from the greek goddess Eris. Do you believe that? You might want to go back

      Pineal Gland A small, reddish gray, vascular, conical body of rudimentary glandular structure found in the brain and having no known function.       Well, having no known function to the Normals, anyway. It is the psycho-metaphysical link between Eris and Her children, the point where the Realm of Ideas (and silly ones at that) touches the World of Substance, the elusive bridge known to the Norse as Bifrost, the long-sought-after fulcrum around which the quantum vectors of chance turn like a carousel -- the Large Intestine, if you will, connecting the Discordian Insanity to that which it shovels.

      Pineal Gland A small, reddish gray, vascular, conical body of rudimentary glandular structure found in the brain and having no known function. It is the psycho-metaphysical link between Eris and Her children, the point where the Realm of Ideas (and silly ones at that) touches the World of Substance, the elusive bridge known to the Norse as Bifrost, the long-sought-after fulcrum around which the quantum vectors of chance turn like a carousel -- the Large Intestine, if you will, connecting the Discordian Insanity to that which it shovels.

Pinealoma - general term for all germ cell tumors here ring calc can be due to incidental calcified cyst always occur near midline, II' implants in ant 3rd vent Hyperdense w strong contrast enhancement, + placental alk phos extraembryonic placenta like cells, elev bHCG levels Pineal Cell Tumors - <15% of all pineal tumors, middle age

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